How are everyday coexistence rules and access to public space enforced in Afghanistan?

De facto authorities and provincial committees enforce the 2024 Law on the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, including rules on clothing, gender separation, movement and public facilities. Enforcement differs by province and district and can involve detention or confiscation.

Who mediates land, water and family conflicts as part of everyday coexistence in Afghanistan?

Local elders, religious scholars, Ulema shuras and de facto authorities commonly mediate these disputes. De facto courts and justice bodies also exist, but their legal framework, accessibility and appeal options are not consistently clear.

How can women access dispute resolution and community participation in Afghanistan?

Women face substantially lower direct access to formal and informal dispute resolution and may encounter requirements for male representation or a mahram. A December 2025 consultation recorded formal access for 14% of women compared with 53% of men, while access also varies by location and case.

How do internet restrictions affect digital coexistence and community support in Afghanistan?

Low internet access, censorship and telecommunications disruptions can limit communication, emergency help, medical access, remittances and public participation. The nationwide blackout from 29 September to 1 October 2025 showed that digital channels cannot be treated as a dependable nationwide complaint or support system.

Living together in Afghanistan

Everyday coexistence in Afghanistan is shaped by formal directives, local mediation and informal community practices. Access to public space, dispute resolution and community participation differs by gender, ethnicity, religion, age, disability and displacement status. Local elders, religious scholars, de facto authorities and community representative groups often perform functions that are not covered by one nationwide neighbourhood system.

bySadia&Rahim

Afghanistan has no single nationwide civil or neighbourhood system for managing everyday coexistence. Provincial and district offices, local elders, religious scholars, Ulema shuras and informal community representative groups operate alongside formal de facto authorities. Community Development Councils, known as CDCs, were dissolved as formal community organisations in 2024; comparable functions may continue through informal groups, but these groups do not have independent public authority. The practical access to support depends on the location, the institution involved and the person seeking help. Women, internally displaced people, returnees, minorities, young people, people with disabilities and vulnerable households face additional barriers. Whole-of-community programmes may include host communities and returnees in protection, documentation, social services, community infrastructure and participation, but they do not create a general nationwide entitlement. The 2024 Law on the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, commonly called the PVPV law, is enforced through provincial committees in 28 of 34 provinces. Around 3,300 inspectors have broad discretionary powers, including detention and confiscation. Enforcement affects public movement, clothing, gender separation and access to public places. Women face rules involving hijab, including face covering outside the home, mahram requirements for travel and public transport, and restrictions on public spaces. Men can face rules concerning beards, hairstyles and attendance at communal prayer. Enforcement varies by province and district; documented 2026 cases in Herat included chador checks and arrests. Everyday conflicts may concern family relations, land or water. Elders, religious scholars and de facto authorities commonly mediate such disputes, while de facto courts and justice bodies provide formal channels whose legal framework and practical accessibility remain unclear. Women’s direct access to dispute resolution is particularly restricted: a December 2025 consultation recorded formal access for 14% of women compared with 53% of men, with a similar gap in informal access. Gender-based violence and protection cases require specialised protection pathways and should not simply be transferred to ordinary community mediation. Civic space is shrinking, and no permanent institutional platform for political dialogue with civil society is established. UNAMA reported 80 outreach activities with civil society, tribal elders, journalists, entrepreneurs and women activists between 26 January and 9 April 2026, including 19 youth meetings in 10 provinces. Public protest and criticism can carry detention or violence risks. Afghanistan also has no evidenced nationwide equivalent of formal co-living rights, neighbourhood mediation services or digital community-governance platforms. Community support is instead linked to host-community arrangements, returnee and internally displaced person assistance, shelter, housing-land-property issues, eviction risks and service access. Internet use was 16.1% in 2024, while mobile-broadband subscriptions stood at 60.1 per 100 inhabitants, mobile-phone ownership at 48.4%, at least 3G coverage at 71% and LTE/WiMAX coverage at 37.3%. A nationwide telecommunications and internet blackout from 29 September to 1 October 2025 disrupted information, emergency assistance, medical access and remittances. Restrictions, censorship and risks to journalists also limit digital participation and make online complaints unreliable. Afghanistan remains bound by international human-rights treaties, but UN reporting describes substantial restrictions on equal treatment, expression, assembly, religious freedom and access to justice. Formal rights therefore do not guarantee practical access to public space, services or remedies.

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