How are state responsibilities divided among the Druk Gyalpo, government, Parliament and courts in Bhutan?

The Druk Gyalpo is head of state and commander-in-chief, the Lhengye Zhungtshog leads the executive and the Prime Minister heads the government. The National Council and National Assembly form Parliament together with the Druk Gyalpo; the courts exercise judicial power and oversee constitutional interpretation and appeals.

Which levels of government and local bodies exist in Bhutan?

Bhutan consists of 20 Dzongkhags with Dzongkhag Tshogdu, Gewog Tshogde and Thromde Tshogde at the local level. The Dzongkhag Tshogdu is the highest decision-making body in the Dzongkhag, but may issue only rules and regulations within the framework of national law.

Where does someone submit an administrative application in Bhutan?

An application goes to the responsible national, Dzongkhag, Gewog or Thromde office. Whether a G2C online service is available depends on the responsible authority and the specific procedure; fees and processing times are not uniform.

How are public funds and government bodies controlled in Bhutan?

The Ministry of Finance and the Department of Planning, Budget and Performance manage the annual budget cycle. The Royal Audit Authority examines finances, legality and the use of public resources, while the Anti-Corruption Commission investigates corruption and may also initiate investigations on its own.

Which fundamental rights and security responsibilities are regulated by the state order in Bhutan?

Article 7 of the Constitution protects, among other things, equality, freedom of expression, access to information, the media, peaceful assembly, religion and freedom of movement, while legal restrictions may be possible for security and other constitutional reasons. The Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bhutan Police, Royal Body Guards and Department of Law and Order have different responsibilities for defense, public security, protection of the Druk Gyalpo and national security coordination.

State in Bhutan

Bhutan has been a democratic constitutional monarchy since 2008. The Druk Gyalpo is head of state and commander-in-chief; the government, Parliament and courts share state responsibilities. The state is divided into 20 Dzongkhags and also includes local administration, public finance, oversight, fundamental rights and security functions.

byYangchen&Ugyen

The king (Druk Gyalpo) stands at the head of the state and is also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The executive is led by the Cabinet (Lhengye Zhungtshog), whose head of government is the Prime Minister. Parliament consists of the Druk Gyalpo, the National Council with 25 members and the National Assembly with 47 members; the term of office is five years. The Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are three separate branches of government with mutual checks and controls. The Royal Court of Justice forms the judiciary. The Supreme Court makes final decisions on legal interpretation and appeals, while the High Court hears constitutional matters at first instance and appeals. In addition, a district court (Dzongkhag Court) or a subdistrict court (Dungkhag Court) may have jurisdiction; Bhutan has 20 Dzongkhag Courts and 15 Dungkhag Courts in 11 Dzongkhags. Which court has jurisdiction depends on the area and the proceedings. Bhutan is territorially divided into 20 Dzongkhags. Each district (Dzongkhag) has local institutions including the district council (Dzongkhag Tshogdu), gewog council (Gewog Tshogde) and municipal council (Thromde Tshogde). The Dzongkhag Tshogdu is the highest decision-making body of a Dzongkhag, but it does not enact laws; it issues only rules and regulations within the framework of national law. Local leaders (Gup), deputy local leaders (Mangmi) and municipal leaders (Thrompon) perform local leadership functions. Formal administrative channels lead, depending on the matter, through a national ministry, a Dzongkhag, Gewog or Thromde office. The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Department of Local Governance coordinate decentralization, local administration and cooperation between levels of government. National ministries, autonomous agencies and constitutional bodies handle their respective responsibilities; online services through the Government-to-Citizen portal (G2C) are available depending on the responsible authority. The Royal Civil Service Commission organizes the civil service, among other things, under the Civil Service Reform Act 2022 and the BCSR 2023. The Ministry of Finance and the Department of Planning, Budget and Performance are responsible for public finance. The Public Finance Act 2007 and the 13th Five-Year Plan provide key foundations. In fiscal year 2026/27, 47,007.0 million Ngultrum is allocated jointly to Dzongkhags, Gewogs and Thromdes, 23.6 percent more than in fiscal year 2025/26. The budget cycle is annual. Fees, processing times and access requirements, however, depend on the specific service and the responsible authority. The Royal Audit Authority, as an independent supreme state audit institution, examines finances, legality and the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of public resources. Its audits may cover ministries, local administrations, courts, Parliament, constitutional bodies and defense and security agencies. The Anti-Corruption Commission operates independently, investigates corruption, conducts prevention work and may also act on its own initiative. The Office of the Attorney General provides, among other things, official collections of laws and a legislative portal. Article 7 of the Constitution protects, among other things, equality, freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, the media, peaceful assembly and association, religion and freedom of movement. Violations of fundamental rights may be asserted before the Supreme Court or the High Court. Legal restrictions may arise from sovereignty, security, unity, peace, state information or the rights of others. Under the Information, Communications and Media Act 2018, the Bhutan InfoComm and Media Authority regulates, among other things, telecommunications, radio, television, print media, OTT services and film. The security organs include the Royal Body Guards for the security of the Druk Gyalpo, the Royal Bhutan Army as a standing army and the Royal Bhutan Police. The police report to the Ministry of Home Affairs and perform duties relating to public order, crime prevention and investigation, and the protection of life and property. The Department of Law and Order coordinates, among other things, national security and border management. Disaster protection is organized at national and local level through Dzongkhag and Gewog structures. Citizens have duties to protect sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, unity, the environment, culture and heritage; national service may be required if a law so provides.

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