Criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina is spread across several legal and institutional levels. State bodies handle certain offences, while institutions in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Brčko District, and the cantons handle matters within their authority. A criminal offence, often described as a krivično djelo or kazneno djelo, must be defined by law. Criminal responsibility generally requires proof of the prohibited act and the required state of mind, subject to recognized defences and special rules. Police gather information, protect evidence, and identify possible suspects. A prosecutor, commonly called a tužilac or tužitelj, directs or supervises the criminal case and decides whether the evidence supports formal proceedings. A suspect and an accused person have important procedural rights. These include understanding the accusation, remaining silent, obtaining legal assistance, challenging evidence, and receiving a fair hearing before an independent court. Arrest does not mean guilt. Restrictions on liberty require a legal basis and procedural control, while detention before trial is distinct from a sentence imposed after conviction. At trial, the prosecution must prove the charge to the required criminal standard. The defence may question witnesses, present evidence, raise legal objections, and use available remedies against a decision. Penalties and measures depend on the offence and circumstances. They may include imprisonment, a fine, a suspended sentence, security measures, confiscation, or other consequences recognized by the applicable law. Victims can report offences, provide evidence, seek information, and request protection where appropriate. Claims for compensation may sometimes be addressed in criminal proceedings, but a separate civil case can also be necessary.