State in Bolivia

The 2009 Political Constitution of the State (Constitución Política del Estado), abbreviated as the CPE, describes Bolivia as the Plurinational Communitarian Unitary Social State governed by law (Estado Unitario Social de Derecho Plurinacional Comunitario). The state is free, independent, sovereign, democratic, intercultural and decentralized. Its political, economic, legal, cultural and linguistic pluralism recognizes the self-determination of Indigenous communities within the unity of the state. The national territory comprises departments, provinces, municipalities, Indigenous Native Peasant Territories (territorios indígena originario campesinos) and regions permitted by law. State responsibilities are distributed among the central level of the State (Nivel Central del Estado), the Departmental Autonomous Governments (Gobiernos Autónomos Departamentales), one Regional Autonomous Government (Gobierno Autónomo Regional), the Municipal Autonomous Governments (Gobiernos Autónomos Municipales) and the Indigenous Native Peasant Autonomous Governments (Gobiernos Autónomos Indígena Originario Campesinos). According to the 2025 status reported by the State Service for Autonomies (Servicio Estatal de Autonomías), there are 9 departmental governments, 1 regional government, 335 municipal governments and 8 Indigenous autonomous governments. Autonomy does not mean simple subordination to the central government: autonomous units have their own bodies, rules and procedures, but remain bound by the allocation of powers under the CPE and Law No. 031, as well as by coordination, resource rules and state legal oversight. Its concrete exercise also depends on the institutional capacities available. The Plurinational Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional) is the legislative body and consists of the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) and the Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores). It passes laws and the state budget and exercises political oversight. The executive body comprises the president or president, the vice president or vice president, ministries and public institutions. It directs the administration, implements state policy and enforces the laws. The judicial body includes, among others, the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia), the Departmental Courts (Tribunales Departamentales), courts, the Agro-Environmental Court (Tribunal Agroambiental) and the Council of the Magistracy (Consejo de la Magistratura). Under the CPE and Law No. 073, ordinary jurisdiction and Indigenous Native Peasant jurisdiction generally stand alongside each other as equal jurisdictions. The Plurinational Electoral Body (Órgano Electoral Plurinacional), including the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral) and subordinate bodies, performs state electoral functions; details concerning elections belong to the topic of elections. Other constitutional and oversight institutions perform clearly defined tasks. The Plurinational Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional) reviews whether state action is compatible with the Constitution and protects constitutional rights. The Office of the Comptroller General of the State (Contraloría General del Estado) audits public institutions and state holdings after the fact and may issue audit and liability findings. The Ombuds Office (Defensoría del Pueblo) monitors and promotes human rights, receives complaints and may also act on its own initiative. The Office of the Attorney General of the State (Fiscalía General del Estado) prosecutes crimes. The State Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General del Estado) represents and protects the interests of the state in judicial and extrajudicial proceedings. The Central Bank of Bolivia (Banco Central de Bolivia) is responsible for monetary and exchange-rate policy, payment systems, issuing currency and managing reserves. The National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) produces official statistics and conducts censuses. The administration consists of ministries, central authorities, public enterprises and institutions at the departmental, regional, municipal and Indigenous autonomous levels. Law No. 1178 regulates, among other matters, state planning, administrative organization, budgeting, personnel, procurement, treasury operations, public debt and accounting. The Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas) manages public financial administration, the treasury and public credit and coordinates the state budget. The National Tax Service (Servicio de Impuestos Nacionales) administers and collects national taxes and conducts audits. Public bodies must act lawfully, transparently and accountably; social oversight and opportunities for participation complement institutional oversight. The annual General State Budget (Presupuesto General del Estado) is approved by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly. The Ministry of Economy and Public Finance and the General Treasury of the Nation (Tesorería General de la Nación) coordinate state financial policy, while the central bank has an independent monetary-policy function. Departmental, regional, municipal and Indigenous autonomous units approve their own budgets through their competent bodies. Participation and social oversight apply alongside central financial requirements and the statutory rules on public credit. Costs and processing times therefore depend on the procedure, the level of government and the specific service. The Ombuds Office generally provides its services free of charge and without a formal requirement to be represented. The Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas) consist of the Army (Ejército), the Air Force (Fuerza Aérea) and the Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana). The president or president commands them; the administrative chain runs through the Ministry of Defense (Ministerio de Defensa). Their mission concerns independence, sovereignty, territorial security and stability, as well as the constitutional order. They are not to act as a political party and are not to deliberate politically. Military service is governed by statutory requirements. The Bolivian Police (Policía Boliviana) protects society, maintains public order throughout the country and enforces the law. A state of emergency is permitted only under the conditions and controls established by the CPE and does not replace general civilian administration. The CPE protects freedom of expression, communication, information, petitions and political participation. Spanish and the Indigenous languages named in the CPE are official languages. Authorities and public institutions must therefore take linguistic and cultural circumstances into account depending on the territory and procedure. Which body is competent and which access conditions apply depends, among other things, on nationality, residence, legal status and the specific procedure. State duties include protecting rights, administering lawfully, providing public services, using resources responsibly and reporting accountably. Users must comply with the laws and, where applicable, taxes or other public obligations, and must observe the responsibilities of the different levels. Questions concerning elections, civil law or historical development belong here only insofar as they serve to distinguish or are necessary to explain Bolivia's state order.