Health in Bulgaria

Bulgaria has a public health-insurance system alongside private payment and private insurance. A person's route through the system depends on eligibility, contribution status, residence, and the provider used. The National Health Insurance Fund is called Национална здравноосигурителна каса and abbreviated НЗОК. It finances covered care through contracted providers rather than making every health service automatically free. A personal or general practitioner is commonly called a личен лекар. This doctor is often the first contact for routine illness, monitoring, prescriptions, and referrals within the insured pathway. Specialist treatment may require a referral when it is sought through public coverage. Direct private appointments may be available, but the patient normally pays according to the provider's arrangements. Hospitals provide emergency, inpatient, surgical, and specialist services. Facilities and available specialties differ considerably between Sofia, regional centres, small towns, and rural areas. A pharmacy is called an аптека. Pharmacists can explain products and dispensing rules, but they do not replace a medical examination when symptoms are serious or unclear. Emergency medical care is separate from routine appointments. The European emergency number 112 connects callers with emergency services, and it should be used for genuine urgent danger. Medical documents, diagnoses, and prescriptions are commonly written in Bulgarian. Keeping a concise health summary, medication list, allergy list, and insurance evidence helps clinicians provide safer care.