Debt in Burundi

Formal borrowing in Burundi is available through licensed banks, microfinance institutions (IMFs) and community-based finance groups. IMF Category 1 institutions may take public deposits and provide credit, Category 3 institutions serve members with deposits and loans, and Category 4 Groupements Financiers Communautaires (GFC) use member contributions and agreed loans. As of 10 March 2025, the Banque de la République du Burundi (BRB) recorded no licensed IMF Category 2 institution. Access is usually stronger for salaried and other formal clients than for rural or informal households. Providers commonly assess income, repayment capacity, guarantees, collateral, account history or membership. Movable collateral is governed by Law N°1/10 of 12 August 2016 and Decree N°100/223 of 23 November 2023. Households also use family and friends, GFCs, VICOBA groups, SILC groups, merchants, commission agents and informal moneylenders. These channels can provide emergency funds without a bank account or previous savings, but they may offer little regulatory protection. Informal lenders can charge around 10% to 30% per month according to BRB financial-inclusion research. A default may lead to the sale of a pledged car, refrigerator, furniture, land or plantation, household distress or court conflict. Community savings groups also face risks from theft, a member leaving or non-payment, and unregistered groups may have limited access to the courts. Loan providers should disclose the nominal interest rate, effective interest rate, application fees, commissions, guarantee-fund or insurance charges and other costs. No universal current interest-rate cap has been verified. Providers must display a complaint procedure in Kirundi, French and English, with a minimum font size of 12. The provider is the first complaint channel, followed by supervisory escalation to the BRB where appropriate. Banks and IMFs classify arrears. A bank client défaillant, meaning a client in default, may face credit restrictions under BRB Circular N°17/2018. Microfinance institutions transmit each debtor’s état d’endettement and historique de remboursement to the Centrale d’Échange d’Informations (CEI) within the first 15 days of the following month. Institutions are responsible for complete and accurate data. The borrower remains responsible for repaying principal, interest and contractually agreed fees. The exact correction process for inaccurate information requires verification with the provider and, where necessary, the BRB. Burundi has no evidenced general household debt-relief, waiver or personal-discharge scheme. A borrower who cannot pay usually needs to negotiate rescheduling or settlement with the individual creditor. The borrower should preserve the contract, payment proofs and collateral records because timing, costs and available remedies depend on the contract and case. Debt recovery follows the competent Burundian judicial framework, but the exact court, procedure and timing are case-specific. Burundi was not on the official OHADA member list in the available research; its 2026 accession process and consultation do not make OHADA payment orders, seizures or insolvency rules presently applicable law in Burundi. Businesses have a separate formal distress framework. Law N°1/07 of 15 March 2006 regulates faillite, or bankruptcy, and Law N°1/08 of the same date regulates concordat judiciaire, a court-supervised arrangement with creditors. Decrees N°100/152 and N°100/153 of 29 May 2012 supplement that framework. The Tribunal de Commerce can appoint a juge-commissaire and a curateur. The debtor or the Procureur may initiate a concordat pathway, and the court may move the case to faillite. The curateur administers the estate, realizes assets and distributes proceeds. Decisions are provisionally enforceable, subject to appeals under the judicial codes. This framework concerns commerçants and enterprises; it is not evidence of a general consumer insolvency procedure. Public debt is governed by Law N°1/03 of 7 May 2016 on public-debt management. The latest available IMF debt-sustainability assessment placed total public debt at about 42% of GDP at the end of 2025, compared with 53% at the end of 2024. Domestic debt accounted for about 31 percentage points, roughly three quarters of the total, while external debt stood at about 11% of GDP and was mainly owed to multilateral lenders. External arrears were about USD 33 million, or 0.5% of GDP, in March 2026. Domestic arrears were reported at about BIF 370 billion in July 2025, although the inventory was incomplete and a legal definition and clearance plan remained outstanding. Burundi had no private external capital-market access in the available assessment. The baseline projected public debt at about 34% of GDP by 2031, but export and commodity shocks, exchange-rate pressure, fiscal slippage and elections could worsen the outlook. The MFBEN leads public-debt policy and operations, the BRB supervises banks, IMFs and GFCs and operates the CEI, and the OBR coordinates revenue matters.