Life stages in Burundi

Burundi has no central authority and no single entitlement regulating all stages of life. Responsibilities are distributed among civil registration, education and social authorities, municipalities, the justice system, social security institutions, and humanitarian and community-based services. Burundi's National Institute of Statistics (INSBU) age data record 2,041,065 children aged 0 to 4, 1,336,094 adolescents aged 15 to 19, and 1,003,805 young adults aged 20 to 24. For people aged 65 and over, the table lists 427,968 people; collective households and people without a fixed residence are not included. For children, reliable access often begins with birth registration. The local administrative commune (commune) conducts the registration and issues the birth certificate; since a joint ministerial order in 2024, registration can also take place at health facilities within 15 days. Late registration may involve additional travel, costs, and evidence. A birth certificate facilitates access to school, inheritance, identity documents, and social support, but fees, transport, distance, poverty, and displacement make access more difficult. In Kirundo, cooperation between health facilities and civil registration offices has expanded; this does not mean that access is the same nationwide. Children are entitled to protection from violence, abuse, exploitation, neglect, and discrimination, as well as to child-sensitive proceedings. Communes, the responsible ministries, child protection committees, and partner organizations provide referrals when a child is at risk. Common risks include violent discipline, child labour, living on the street, gender-based violence, early or forced marriage, separation from caregivers, and the exclusion of children with disabilities. During adolescence, nine years of basic education connect with secondary school, vocational training, apprenticeships, agriculture, self-employment, and wage work. Skills and life-skills programmes, solidarity groups, and named programmes such as the CREATABLE programme (CREATABLE) and the UPSHIFT programme (UPSHIFT) complement schools and vocational institutions. Access depends heavily on household income, gender, rural residence, disability, displacement, documents, pregnancy, and available school or training places. Transport and learning-material costs, as well as lost income, can prevent participation; duration and admission conditions vary by provider. For girls, pregnancy, gender-based violence, and early marriage increase the risk of dropping out, while boys may be particularly affected by child labour, living on the street, and contact with the justice system. The transition to adulthood usually takes place through legal identity, completing or leaving school, income, employment, establishing a household, and civic duties. There is no nationwide ceremony or single administrative procedure for this transition. Formal employment can open access to contributory social security, while informal and agricultural work predominate in practice. Specific age limits and legal obligations must be checked under the applicable Burundian law. In older age, many people rely mainly on relatives, households, neighbourhoods, religious institutions, charities, and NGOs. Pension and social insurance pathways are mainly linked to previously secured employment; a universal non-contributory old-age cash transfer has not been established. The Social Protection Code (Code de la protection sociale) No. 1/12 of 12 May 2020 identifies social security, dignity, equal treatment, and an adequate standard of living as relevant rights. Comprehensive specific legislation for older people was not established in the reviewed research. Poverty, neglect, abandonment, violence, stigma, accusations of witchcraft, and exclusion from communities remain possible risks. The need for care in Burundi is predominantly met by relatives and other informal carers. Communes, social administration, organizations of persons with disabilities, and NGOs provide supplementary support, assistive devices, or inclusion services depending on the location. A unified care insurance scheme and a nationwide care pathway have not been established. Care time, transport, assistive devices, learning materials, and out-of-pocket payments burden households; access and processing times depend on needs, the project, place of residence, and available facilities. Crises can interrupt the life course through separation from children, displacement, return, natural disasters, violence, extreme poverty, disability, or the death of a caregiver. A UNICEF survey from February 2026 identifies 632,989 children in need of humanitarian assistance, about 89,000 internally displaced people, about 90,790 conflict-displaced people, and 37,880 Burundians who returned from Tanzania. Typical assistance pathways lead from registration and protection screening to child-friendly spaces, case management, safe care, family reunification, and referrals to school or social support. UNHCR coordinates refugee protection, while the government, communes, UNICEF, the Burundi Red Cross, civil protection, and NGOs are involved depending on the area. Family reunification may take place only when it is safe and in the child's best interests; protection services are not permanent general entitlements. The Social Protection Law of 2020, the National Social Protection Policy (PNPS) 2024–2033, the Merankabandi household cash-transfer programme (Merankabandi), the Merankabandi II programme (Merankabandi II), and the Unique Social Registry (Registre Social Unique) are central formal reference points. Merankabandi and Merankabandi II combine targeted household payments with complementary activities; they are neither automatically available to every age group nor equally accessible nationwide. Admission, coverage, and payment depend on need, household registration, programme rules, province, and project status. Access may involve transport, documents, and local accessibility costs. Numbers, fees, pension coverage, school rules, and available services must be checked again with the responsible commune or institution before taking a specific action.