Professions in Burundi

The most common occupations in Burundi are found in agriculture, livestock farming, fishing, forestry, harvesting, processing and agricultural advisory services. Other widespread areas include retail, hospitality, transport, domestic work, education, health care and administration. In the crafts sector, people work in construction, masonry, carpentry, plumbing, electrical work, mechanics, tailoring, soapmaking and cooking, among other activities. In cities, trade, services, telecommunications, tourism, finance and public administration are more strongly represented than in rural areas. The world of work is predominantly informal. A World Bank survey from 2013–2014 classified 95.8 percent of jobs as informal; the figures were 99.4 percent in agriculture, 91.4 percent in trade and 86.1 percent in industry. Services were considerably more mixed, with 44.2 percent formal and 55.8 percent informal. Many people work on their own account, help unpaid in a family business or work seasonally. Crop failures, floods, landslides, low productivity and underemployment can further affect income. Depending on the occupation, entry may take place through experience in a family business, practical training, self-employment, employment, entrepreneurship or a formal qualification. The technical education and vocational training (enseignement technique et formation professionnelle (ETFP)) system includes, among other things, vocational and technical secondary education, training in a trade and further education. Technical and professional occupations may require a certificate, diploma or higher-education degree. For many informal activities, however, practical experience, start-up capital, a professional network and access to customers matter more than a formal qualification. The Burundi National Qualifications Framework has existed since 2020 and is intended to make formal, non-formal and informal learning outcomes more comparable and recognisable. There is no nationally uniform occupational level for all activities. The Directory of Occupations and Trades of Burundi (Répertoire des Emplois et des Métiers du Burundi (REM-Bu)) is being modernised to improve coordination between vocational education and employment. The validation in January 2026 was intended to standardise occupations and enable shorter, modular qualifications; final confirmation by the Council of Ministers (Conseil des Ministres) was still pending at the time of the research. The Ministry of Labour, the Public Service and Social Security (Ministère du Travail, de la Fonction Publique et de la Sécurité Sociale) is responsible for labour and occupational regulation, labour policy and labour inspection. The Burundian Observatory of Employment and the Workforce (Observatoire Burundais de l'Emploi et de la Main-d'œuvre (OBEM)) brings together information on vacancies and workers and supports placement. The state youth employment programme (PAEEJ) promotes youth employment, crafts and entrepreneurship. A call from August 2026 was addressed to unemployed young people aged 16 to 40 who lived in the zones or municipalities named in the call and included, among other activities, tiling, audiovisual work, motorcycle and car mechanics, plumbing, leather goods, household installation work, women's hairdressing, cleaning, knitting, soapmaking, cooking and carpentry. The call did not specify generally applicable fees or training durations. For employees within the formal scope, the Labour Code of 2020 regulates, among other matters, contracts, training, working hours, wages, leave, occupational safety, hygiene, termination of employment, labour disputes and trade unions. Practical protection depends on employment status and actual enforcement; informal activities often fall outside this full protection. Public administration occupations may additionally be developed through the National School of Administration (École Nationale d'Administration (ENA)). For certain public employees, the National Office of Pensions and Occupational Risks (Office Nationale des Pensions et des Risques Professionnels (ONPR)) carries out tasks relating to pensions and occupational risks. Burundi has no general licensing system for all occupations. Individual activities may nevertheless require sectoral recognition, registration, authorisation or a specific qualification. The occupational title alone does not automatically establish authorisation; for regulated occupations, the responsible education or accreditation body, the relevant technical authority and the applicable legal instruments must be checked. Costs, duration and entry requirements vary by occupation, provider, sector and location. For career development, a path may lead from practical experience through a trade or self-employment to a small business or paid employment; certificates and diplomas may improve access to technical positions, while a higher-education degree is more likely to be required for professional or managerial work.