Debt in Cameroon

Borrowing in Cameroon takes place through banks, microfinance institutions known locally as EMFs, credit unions, family and friends, and informal savings-and-credit groups. Tontines are particularly common in Francophone areas, while njangis are common in Anglophone areas. These groups may operate as rotating savings and credit associations, with access and repayment governed mainly by membership and internal rules. A 2017 World Bank diagnostic recorded borrowing from family and friends more often than from financial institutions, but that historical figure does not establish current national prevalence. A formal lender normally assesses identity, income, guarantees and other contract-specific conditions. The agreement should state the principal, repayment dates, interest, fees and applicable charges. The Total Effective Rate, or TEG, and other lending conditions are governed by CEMAC rules, including Regulation N°04/19/CEMAC/UMAC/CM, and lenders must publish their conditions. Credit information bureaux, known as BICs, may share borrower data under BEAC consent and complaint rules. Repayment normally covers the principal and the agreed interest and fees by the contractual due dates. Informal borrowing can be faster or more accessible, but its cost, timing and enforcement depend on the group or relationship. It does not generally provide the same bank-style consumer protection as a regulated lender. A borrower should keep the contract or group record, payment evidence, collateral details and guarantee documents, then contact the creditor early if repayment becomes difficult. Rescheduling or settlement may be possible, but it depends on the creditor, contract and circumstances. Cameroon has no evidenced nationwide public debt-counselling body or standardized consumer debt-relief pathway for households in the reviewed framework. After default, a creditor may pursue collection and, where the legal requirements are met, court enforcement. Under the OHADA Uniform Act on Simplified Recovery Procedures and Enforcement Measures, known as AUPSRVE and in force in its 2023 version from 16 February 2024, remedies can include an injonction de payer for a certain, quantified and due claim, conservatory seizure, seizure of funds, sale of assets, wages and real estate. A huissier de justice and the competent national court handle the relevant steps. Costs, timing and possibilities for contesting or settling an act vary by the claim, contract and procedure. Business distress follows a different framework from ordinary household debt. The OHADA Uniform Act on Collective Proceedings for Clearing Liabilities, known as AUPC and in force from 24 December 2015, covers qualifying commercial enterprises, entrepreneurs and certain private legal persons. It provides conciliation, règlement préventif, judicial reorganisation and liquidation of assets, with a syndic or court-appointed judicial representative involved where required. Opening a proceeding may suspend individual enforcement, but these rules do not create a general salaried-consumer insolvency procedure or an automatic discharge of all debt. Public debt is managed separately from household and private-business borrowing. The Ministry of Finance, the Autonomous Sinking Fund and the National Public Debt Committee coordinate public-debt management and reporting. The latest retrieved 2024 debt-service figure was about 1,378.1 billion FCFA, consisting of 84.2% principal and 15.8% interest, with 68.4% external and 31.6% internal debt. The figure is date-bound and concerns the state, not the debts of households. Public instruments include multilateral, bilateral and commercial external debt, treasury securities, structured and non-structured domestic debt, and arrears.