Criminal law in Finland

Finnish criminal law is based on legality. Conduct can be punished only when the law defined it as an offence at the relevant time, and authorities must follow lawful procedure. Criminal cases commonly begin with a report to the police or information obtained by an authority. The police decide whether the conditions for a pre-trial investigation are met. During the pre-trial investigation, the police collect statements and other evidence. A person may be questioned as a suspect, victim, or witness, and each role carries different rights and duties. A suspect is presumed innocent and has a right to understand the accusation. The suspect may have legal assistance and generally does not have to help prove their own guilt. A victim, often called the injured party, may request punishment where required and claim compensation. Victims may also have access to support services and, in certain cases, legal assistance. After the investigation, a prosecutor assesses whether charges should be brought. The prosecutor does not decide guilt; that decision belongs to an independent court. Criminal cases are usually first heard by a district court. Evidence is presented, the parties are heard, and the court decides whether the charge has been proved to the required standard. Possible consequences include fines, imprisonment, community-based sanctions, and other measures. The response depends on the offence, circumstances, culpability, harm, and applicable legal rules. Some cases can use simplified procedures, mediation, or written handling. These paths are not suitable or available for every offence, and agreeing to them can have legal consequences. A court judgment can often be appealed under stated conditions. The written judgment explains the outcome, reasons, and available route for review.