Immigration Law in Germany

German immigration law is often called residence law. It distinguishes between entry, temporary residence, permanent residence, and citizenship. These areas are related, but they are not legally the same. Citizens of the European Union and their eligible family members can generally move under the rules on freedom of movement. Nationals of non-EU countries, by contrast, often need a visa or residence permit. Exceptions depend, among other things, on nationality and the purpose of stay. A residence permit is issued for a specific purpose. Common purposes include vocational training (Ausbildung), study, employment, family life, and humanitarian protection. The permitted purpose affects whether and to what extent a person may work. A temporary residence permit is generally time-limited. A settlement permit allows indefinite residence if the relevant requirements are met. Other forms of permanent or special residence rights also exist. For family reunification, authorities assess the family relationship, housing, livelihood, and other requirements. The requirements depend on the person the family member is joining. Children, spouses, and other relatives are not always treated alike. Applications usually require proof of identity, travel documents, and evidence of the purpose of stay. The responsible authority may be a German mission abroad, the local foreigners authority, or another specialist office. The correct authority depends on the stage of the procedure. Asylum and other forms of humanitarian protection follow special procedures. Recognition as a person entitled to protection is not the same as an ordinary residence permit for work or study. Bans on deportation and tolerated stay have different effects again. Naturalization grants German citizenship and is not merely a residence permit. It involves a separate procedure and an assessment of various requirements. Changes in personal circumstances must be reported fully and on time to the authorities.