Food in Guinea-Bissau

Rice is the most widely consumed grain in Guinea-Bissau. Other staple foods include maize, sorghum, millet, cassava, peanuts, beans and sweet potatoes. Fish supplies a central source of animal protein, while palm oil, vegetables, cashew fruit, mangoes, papayas, bananas, pineapples and guavas contribute to local meals. Food reaches households through family production, markets, small-scale traders, imports and restaurants rather than through one central national supply system. Oio, Cacheu and Biombo are major grain and rice-producing areas. Southern, coastal and island communities rely more on lowland and mangrove rice, fish, oysters and other seafood. Gabú and Bafatá have more rain-dependent grain and peanut production. Regional availability also depends on roads, transport, rainfall and the season. The rainy season usually runs from June to October, and rice harvesting can continue until January. In 2025, cereal production was estimated at about 351,000 tonnes, around 18% above the five-year average, while about 146,000 people faced acute food insecurity during the June-to-August lean season. A bolanha is lowland or mangrove rice land managed with embankments and water control. Pam-pam refers to upland or rain-fed rice cultivation. These systems face different risks: flooding and salt intrusion threaten bolanhas, while rain-dependent fields are more exposed to irregular rainfall. Mangroves support fish and oyster habitats and help protect the coast, so damage to them affects both food supply and livelihoods. Common dishes include rice with caldo or mafé, caldo de chabéu made with palm oil and often okra with fish or meat, caldo de mancarra made with peanuts, and sigá with okra, fish or meat and sometimes shrimp. Pitche-patche de ostras combines oysters and rice. Cafriela is grilled chicken or sheep served with lime, chili and onion, while fish is commonly grilled or cooked in sauce. Recipes and ingredients vary between regions and ethnic communities, with Portuguese influences also present. Formal restaurants are concentrated mainly in Bissau and may serve Guinean, Portuguese and international food. Outside the capital, households, local markets and informal food sellers play a larger role. There is no reliable nationwide basis for comparing restaurant or household food costs. Prices for rice, fish, beans, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum and oil vary with the market, season, imports, transport costs and cashew prices. In November 2025, imported rice prices were about 10% lower than a year earlier, wheat flour was about 10% to 20% lower, and locally produced millet was about 10% to 25% higher. Food access is also a nutrition issue. About 68% of the population cannot afford a healthy, nutrient-rich diet, and chronic child malnutrition or stunting affects more than 28% of children. Children under five, pregnant and breastfeeding women and poor rural households face greater nutritional vulnerability. WFP programmes include school meals, specialized nutritious food, cash support and nutrition-sensitive agriculture, but access depends on the target group and programme. Guinea-Bissau has a formal food-safety framework, including Decree-Law 62-E/92 on sanitary food control, Decree-Law 9/2011 on fish-product inspection, Decree-Law 1/2019 on school feeding and Decree-Law 1/2004 on iodized salt. Fortification and supplementation rules from 2014 also apply. The Ministry of Health, INASA and fisheries bodies such as INIPO, DGPA and INFISCAP have relevant responsibilities, while implementation, inspection, laboratory services and cold-chain capacity remain uneven. Unsafe water, limited handwashing facilities, poor surface hygiene, cross-contamination, insufficient heating or cooling and raw shellfish can increase risk. Treated water, thorough cooking, separation of raw and cooked food and trusted sellers reduce exposure, but conditions differ between locations. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development leads agricultural matters, while food-security and nutrition coordination involves WFP, FAO and INE. The Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy oversees fisheries-related matters. Cashew is the main export and income source, but dependence on its seasonal harvest and prices can make households more reliant on purchased food. Diversifying production with rice, peanuts, sweet potatoes and vegetables, supporting local processing, cereal banks and more resilient rice systems can strengthen food security. Overfishing, illegal fishing and weak cold-chain and processing capacity remain risks for fish-based livelihoods.