Article 13 of the 2012 Constitution protects freedom of religion and conscience as well as the free exercise of religion. Equatorial Guinea has no official religion, and changing religion is legally permitted. People who convert from Christianity to Islam may have Muslim names entered in official documents. Political parties may not be based on a religion. Population shares differ depending on the source and reference year. A local estimate for 2015 gives approximately 88 percent Roman Catholic, 5 percent Protestant, 2 percent Muslim and 5 percent other or traditional religious affiliations. The World Religion Database estimated that in 2020 around 90 percent of the population was Christian, 4 percent Muslim and 6 percent affiliated with another religion or with none. The Muslim population is predominantly Sunni and also includes West African expatriates. Many Christians combine church practice with elements of traditional Indigenous religions. The Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformed Church are the largest organized communities. The Catholic Church is organized in the ecclesiastical province of Malabo, with the Archdiocese of Malabo and the dioceses of Bata, Ebebiyin, Evinayong and Mongomo. Both major churches are exempt from state registration. Methodists, Muslims and Bahá’ís have permanent permits. Other or newer communities submit a written application to the competent religious authority (MJRAPI). This requires, among other things, information about leadership and membership, proof of premises or ownership, and the religious mandate. Registration for new groups may be renewed annually. In 2023, six evangelical or Pentecostal congregations were closed for noncompliance with requirements; religious leaders also reported inconsistent application and negative portrayal in state media. Religious services and sermons in private homes are prohibited when people who do not live there take part. Public events or outdoor events generally require a permit. Foreign religious representatives need prior permission from MJRAPI before conducting a service or giving a lecture; in some cases, the lecture text may also be reviewed. Mere attendance at a service is exempt. Events usually take place between 06:00 and 21:00, must end before 21:00 and may not cause disturbances. According to the documented 2023 400.000 CFA-franc rate, foreign missionaries pay that amount for a two-year residence permit; the permit is renewed annually. Catholic missionaries are exempt. A requirement from the National University of Equatorial Guinea (Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, UNGE) for a theological certificate made residence more difficult for some missionaries, several of whom left the country. Article 24(3) and (4) of the Constitution allows legally recognized religious communities to establish schools under a state-approved educational plan. Religious education is to be provided according to personal choice. Public schools offer Catholic religious instruction; a non-Catholic form of instruction or a supervised free period is possible with a certificate from a religious leader. Catholic- and Protestant-run schools require registration and must follow the state curriculum. The Catholic Church is the only religious community for whose educational institutions state funding is documented. The National Day of Prayer usually takes place on the first Sunday in April. Catholic Masses regularly form part of official ceremonies, including celebrations of Independence Day on October 12 and the president’s birthday on June 5. In 2023, the Muslim community was allowed to celebrate the Eid al-Adha state holiday at the stadium in Malabo. The available evidence does not support a comprehensive general list of religious holidays. Through MJRAPI, the government consults evangelical and Pentecostal leaders and maintains documented contacts with Catholic, Muslim, Bahá’í, evangelical and other communities. A nationwide interfaith council is not evidenced. State authorities recognize official documents from authorized domestic and foreign religious communities, including birth and marriage certificates; the specific consequences for state registration must be assessed separately. This creates a clear tension between formal protection and the practical preference given to the Catholic Church and, in some respects, the Protestant Reformed Church. Catholic leaders regularly receive access to the highest levels of government, while some non-Catholic public employees report pressure to attend Catholic Masses. Much of the available information on administrative practice concerns the documented position in 2023; the research was completed on September 7, 2026. No significant societal attacks against religious freedom were documented for 2023. At the same time, the detention of Pentecostal pastor Ruben Maye Nsue after a government-critical sermon is a distinct visible risk for religious actors.
Religion in Equatorial Guinea
Religious freedom and freedom of belief are constitutionally protected in Equatorial Guinea; the state has no official religion and permits changes of religion. The population is predominantly Christian, especially Roman Catholic, alongside Protestant, Muslim, Bahá’í and other communities as well as traditional Indigenous religious elements. Depending on their status, religious groups face different requirements for registration, events, teaching and foreign clergy.
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