Criminal law in Indonesia

Indonesian criminal law is called hukum pidana. It includes general offenses in the Penal Code, known as KUHP, and offenses found in specialized legislation. Criminal responsibility generally requires conduct that meets the elements of an offense and can legally be attributed to the accused. The prosecution must prove the case through the lawful criminal process, and the accused is not simply required to prove innocence. Criminal procedure is commonly associated with KUHAP. It governs important stages such as investigation, suspect status, arrest, detention, evidence gathering, prosecution, trial, and legal remedies. The police usually receive reports and investigate alleged offenses. Prosecutors assess and prosecute cases, while courts hear evidence, decide guilt, and impose lawful consequences. A person questioned by authorities should first establish whether they are treated as a witness, victim, or suspect. Suspects and accused persons have defense rights, including access to legal assistance in accordance with the applicable process. Victims and witnesses can provide reports, statements, documents, medical evidence, and other information. Safety concerns, intimidation, or urgent medical needs should be reported immediately to the relevant authorities and support services. Evidence may include testimony, documents, expert findings, physical objects, and electronic material recognized by law. Original context matters, so messages, files, and recordings should not be edited or presented misleadingly. Some disputes may involve both criminal and civil questions, but private payment or reconciliation does not automatically end every criminal process. The legal effect depends on the offense, procedural stage, and authority responsible for the case.