Housing in Libya

People in Libya find housing through private owners, مكاتب عقارية (private property offices), family and host networks, public-housing projects and informal or collective arrangements. There is no reliably evidenced national rental portal, unified allocation platform or national rental registry. Availability, documents, services and enforcement can differ substantially between Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata and other municipalities. For a purchase or other property right, the Real Estate Registration Authority, known as RERIL (مصلحة التسجيل العقاري), handles ownership, usufruct and related rights. A formal check should cover the title or property file, cadastral information, objections, court decisions and the seller's authority. Records may be paper-based, outdated or affected by registration blockages, unclear ownership, secondary occupation, illegal appropriation or disputes. The National Urban Planning Authority (UPA) and the relevant municipality should also be checked for the approved plan, building or use status and informal extensions. A seller's statement alone does not establish secure ownership. Rental housing follows a formal reference framework under Law No. 28/1976, although the market is widely unregulated in practice. A stronger written lease normally identifies the parties, property, term, rent, payment arrangements and permitted use. Formal processing may involve the Public Notary in the property's jurisdiction, certified signatures and stamps, the landlord's ownership certificate, a no-dispute certificate, identity documents and registration with the Tax Authority. Guidance reports a 1% stamp duty, but the current practice and available offices should be verified locally. Around two in three households reportedly lack a written lease, so an oral agreement can leave the tenant with weaker tenure security; payment records, messages and witnesses can help prove the arrangement. Under the formal rental rules, a landlord is responsible for providing possession in habitable condition and handling maintenance and necessary repairs. A tenant should use the property as agreed, take reasonable care and obtain written consent before subletting, assigning the lease, making alterations or carrying out improvements. The reported maximum deposit is two months' rent, while advance rent and additional contract fees are formally not permitted. Enforcement is uneven, so the written agreement and evidence of payments remain practically significant. Formal grounds for ending a tenancy include rent arrears after 30 days' notice, unauthorized subletting or assignment, harmful or non-conforming use, more than 90 days of non-use when the tenant has another residence, termination of a linked service contract, an unsafe structure, demolition or rebuilding, and occupation by the owner or the owner's child. For owner occupation, the reported notice period is six months or the remaining lease period, whichever is longer, with court proceedings. Private or forced eviction has been documented, and self-help eviction should not be assumed to be lawful or safe. Without a formal lease, the relationship and its terms may need to be established through other evidence. A housing inspection should cover structural safety, water, electricity, wastewater, access, documents and the landlord's authority to let or sell the property. Utility continuity depends on the region and site, and informal or peri-urban expansions may have weaker services. Foreign ownership is generally prohibited under the reported status of the 1960 law, subject to exceptions or permission, so non-Libyan investors commonly need to examine a lease arrangement instead. UNHCR guidance indicates that an accommodation lease requires a valid residence permit; refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants without regular status may face insecure formal access, exploitation and eviction risks. Nationality and residence status require an individual check. The Ministry of Housing and Construction and the National Housing and Real Estate Development Program are relevant to public housing. Council of Ministers Decision No. 92/2025 established the program with its headquarters in Tripoli and gave it independent legal and financial personality. It aims to address housing shortages, revive or complete earlier public projects, provide land, work with developers and support citizen access. It is a policy pathway, not evidence of a universal housing entitlement or an open national application system. Local project announcements, eligibility rules and timing must be checked with the responsible municipality or project body. Housing conditions are especially significant for displaced households and people returning to damaged or disputed homes. IOM's December 2025 assessment recorded 106,371 internally displaced people in Libya, including 51,106 in the east and 18,425 linked to Storm Daniel; 80,951 people were on reported solutions pathways. Remaining barriers included damaged homes, secondary occupation, missing housing, land and property documents and service gaps. A return arrangement may require proof of a claim, a safety assessment, repair or rehabilitation and negotiated or assisted return. Temporary shelter, non-food items, rent cash, light repairs and staying with relatives or host families can provide short-term support but do not create stable tenure. UNHCR's 2024 indicator recorded habitable and affordable housing for 38.61% of internally displaced people and 13.91% of refugees and asylum-seekers, while shelter assistance reached 11,582 internally displaced people. Housing costs vary by place and property, and no reliable current national rent series is available. UN-Habitat field evidence from 2023 found that housing prices were widely unaffordable: 76% of urban respondents and 68% of rural respondents described prices as unaffordable, and a purchased house could represent roughly 7 to 50 years of household income. These figures are not current market quotations. Published RERIL tariffs from 2023 listed 20 LYD for an ownership or usufruct verification request, 20 LYD for an objection, 50 LYD for an appeal, and 20 LYD plus 5 per mille of the property value for a title or usufruct certificate. Registration of a lease longer than nine years was listed at 20 LYD plus 5 per mille of the rent or benefit value. The branch and current validity of each tariff should be confirmed before payment.