North Macedonia has an established but road-dominated transport system. Public transport is most structured in Skopje and more fragmented elsewhere. The responsible institution, available service, price and timetable can therefore differ by city, municipality, road and means of transport. In Skopje, JSP Skopje and private providers serve urban, suburban and night lines. Day services generally run from 05:00 to 24:00. Passengers can use single, daily, monthly, quarterly, half-year and annual tickets, including reusable plastic cards, online ticketing, the JSP app and customer centers. Night lines generally run from 00:00 to 05:00. A night single ticket costs 50 MKD and can be bought on the bus or paid through an e-wallet or validator. Day and time-based tickets are not valid on night lines. North Macedonia has no evidenced nationwide tariff and provider system equivalent to the formal Skopje arrangement, so passengers should check the current local information outside Skopje. Rail travel exists but has a smaller role in personal travel than road transport. ŽRSM Infrastruktura manages railway construction, maintenance, protection, traffic regulation and signalling, while MŽ Transport operates trains. The published timetable for 2025–2026 includes updates for 2026, but construction and operating changes can affect departures. In the fourth quarter of 2024, rail recorded about 67,000 passengers, compared with about 9,881,000 urban and suburban passengers. Fares depend on the distance and tariff. The Public Enterprise for State Roads, commonly abbreviated as PESR, manages state-road planning, construction, maintenance, protection, administration and tolls. Makedonijapat is also a local road-service name. PESR provides road information such as traffic conditions, a road GIS and a distance calculator. North Macedonia has 10 toll plazas. Drivers can usually pay in MKD, euros, by bank card, with MCard or MTAG, or through Open Balkan electronic toll collection where accepted. For many passenger-car sections, listed tolls are often 20 to 60 MKD; the amount depends on the vehicle category and section, and a listed category IV section can cost up to 430 MKD. Keep the toll receipt until the journey ends. A toll violation can lead to a fine equivalent to 100–300 EUR. Vehicle registration is handled by the Ministry of Interior or an authorized technical-inspection station. Typical requirements include identification, proof of ownership or origin, insurance, fees and checks of emissions, brakes, steering and other technical conditions. The technical-inspection certificate must be no more than 30 days old for the registration process described in the available guidance. The listed registration fee is 200 MKD and civilian number plates cost 1,200 MKD. The Ministry of Interior also conducts driving examinations and handles appointments. The listed fee for a first regular driving licence is 410 MKD plus 110 MKD, or 520 MKD in total; an international driving permit is listed at 250 MKD. Road safety is governed mainly by the Law on Road Traffic Safety, the Law on Road Transport and the Vehicle Law. The Ministry of Interior and the police, the Ministry of Transport, the State Transport Inspectorate and PESR have different responsibilities. Safe City systems can record certain traffic violations as evidence. The documented categories include speeding, running a red light, driving with expired registration and incorrect parking, followed by notification to the vehicle owner. Fines and procedures depend on the violation and the applicable law. Winter equipment rules apply from 15 November to 15 March. Vehicles up to 3,500 kg need either winter tyres with at least 4 mm tread or summer tyres with at least 4 mm tread together with snow chains. Four-wheel-drive vehicles require winter tyres with at least 6 mm tread. Vehicles over 3,500 kg require tyres with at least 6 mm tread on the drive axle. Studded tyres are prohibited. Cycling infrastructure is mainly municipal and fragmented. North Macedonia has no evidenced nationwide bicycle network, rental system or single access standard. Municipal bicycle paths, marked lanes, local streets and individual projects determine where cycling is practical. A national planning and construction regulation was in draft form in 2025, and sustainable urban mobility planning support covered Kavadarci, Prilep, Kočani, Strumica and Struga. Road signs and local traffic rules determine priority and permitted use. Walking relies on municipal sidewalks, pedestrian paths and crossings. Municipalities provide much of the infrastructure, while the Ministry of Interior is responsible for traffic safety enforcement. Access, maintenance and accessibility vary between settlements. Walking itself has no usage charge and no nationwide operating timetable, but signs, signals and crossing rules still apply. Long-distance travel is available by licensed intercity and international bus companies, private car, rail and air. The Ministry of Transport issues or oversees licences and line permits for domestic, special-line and passenger transport. Border crossings involve the Border Crossing authorities, the Ministry of Interior and Customs. Vehicles with foreign registration can be admitted temporarily when the applicable conditions are met. Skopje International Airport and Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport serve air travel. The Skopje airport shuttle by V2V Transporter follows a flight-related timetable and lists a one-way fare of 199 MKD. At Ohrid airport, the documented options are taxi services linked to flight arrivals, car hire and private cars; no regular public shuttle is established in the available official access information. Transport also contributes substantially to environmental pressure. The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning estimates transport emissions using fuel statistics, vehicle mileage, rail, aviation, navigation, off-road machinery and methods such as COPERT and EMEP/EEA. In the 2023 inventory, transport accounted for 48% of national nitrogen oxide emissions. Nearly half of passenger cars were Euro 3 or older. Passenger cars contributed 40% of transport-related NOx, light commercial vehicles 26%, heavy vehicles 18% and buses 16%; passenger cars also contributed 70% of transport-related carbon monoxide and 56% of total suspended particles. These figures make the age of the vehicle fleet, road traffic and urban exposure relevant when comparing travel options.
Transport in Macedonia
Transport in North Macedonia is dominated by roads, while public transport is fragmented outside Skopje. Skopje has the country's most formal urban and suburban system through JSP Skopje and private providers; rail, cycling and walking depend more on specific municipalities, lines and current conditions. Roads, intercity buses, rail and two airports provide the main domestic and international travel options.
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