Housing in Mozambique

Local terms include casa or moradia for a house and arrendamento for private renting. Housing access is fragmented: people may rent privately, buy a building or urban property, build on a plot, use customary occupation or rely on possession acquired in good faith. A DUAT, or título de uso e aproveitamento da terra, records the right to use and benefit from a plot. The State owns the land, so a payment for land ownership is not valid merely because a seller or intermediary demands it. A lawful transfer of an urban building can carry the related DUAT, but the land itself is not sold. National citizens may acquire land-use rights through customary occupation or through good-faith occupation that has lasted at least 10 years, together with the required written authorisation. Local communities, public cadastral services, district administrators and municipal authorities may all have roles depending on the location and pathway. A missing title does not automatically destroy an occupation-based right; witnesses, community evidence and expert assessment can help prove it. Foreign nationals generally need an approved investment project and at least five years of residence. A foreign legal entity normally needs incorporation and registration in Mozambique. FFH housing credit is generally intended for Mozambican citizens, while the Renascer project targets low-income households earning up to two minimum wages where its project conditions apply. No housing allocation follows automatically from an application or a general eligibility category. Before renting, verify the landlord or holder, the written lease, purpose, term, rent, deposit, utilities, repairs, notice rules and handover condition. Keep receipts and record meter readings, keys and the deposit. There is no verified nationwide standard for rent, deposits or notice periods; the contract and applicable civil-law rules matter, while local practice can affect enforcement. Before buying or building, check DUAT or other occupation evidence, cadastral, property and tax records where available, the identity of the right holder and the position of the municipality or other responsible authority. A transfer may require a lawful contract, registration and a public deed or other formal approval. An urban plot may require prior information from the municipality, an approved building project, a construction licence and later a licence for use. Guide benchmarks indicate about 90 days for a municipal DUAT response, provisional authorisation for five years for nationals and two years for foreigners, and construction beginning within two years, with a possible extension of up to six months. These figures are not a substitute for checking the current municipal procedure, fees and deadlines. Formal processing can take longer than informal occupation, especially when cadastral records, planning, documents, seasons or disaster conditions create delays. Electricity is supplied nationally by EDM, including residential connection, change-of-holder, tariff and Credelec prepaid services. Off-grid electricity is regulated by ARENE under Decreto n.º 93/2021. FIPAG handles water connections only in listed urban service areas; an application may require identification, a NUIT tax number, city, district, bairro, address or reference and GPS information. Outside FIPAG areas, households may use local providers, communal standpipes, wells or boreholes, so access is mainly fragmented and sometimes informal. Housing conditions vary sharply between urban and rural areas. The 2022–23 IDS reports electricity access for about 35.9% of households nationally, 76.9% in urban areas and 15.1% in rural areas. Basic drinking-water service reaches about 52.2% of the population nationally, compared with 82.1% in urban areas and 36.6% in rural areas; basic sanitation reaches about 32.2%, 59.2% and 18.1% respectively. Clean cooking technologies or fuels reach only about 6.3% of the population, and roughly 50.3% of floors are adobe or earth compared with 31.5% made of cement. A World Bank project baseline estimated that about 80% of the urban population builds in unplanned, often flood-prone peri-urban settlements; this is a project baseline, not a current census. Drainage, elevation, road access, cyclone and flood exposure, and possible resettlement therefore affect the practical security of a plot. Urban policy in 2024 also focused on adequate housing, basic infrastructure, irregular-settlement sustainability and resilience. During occupancy, the DUAT holder has rights to access and use the land, protection against intrusion, and access connections or servitudes for roads, services and water where applicable. Public-interest expropriation can require compensation. The holder must use the land lawfully, follow planning, environmental and disaster rules, maintain boundaries and meet applicable fiscal duties. When a lease ends, document the handover, settle utilities, return keys and record the deposit. When a land-use right expires, is relinquished or is revoked for public interest, check the compensation rules and the consequences for permanent improvements. Disputes may proceed through customary or community mechanisms, local administration, extrajudicial processes or administrative and ordinary courts; the suitable process depends on the right, contract and locality. Inheritance can transfer housing-related rights, but the records and formalities should be verified. Mozambique continues to apply Lei n.º 19/97, Decreto n.º 66/98 and Decreto n.º 60/2006; a proposed land-law revision discussed in 2025–26 was not yet in force.