School in Nepal

School education in Nepal begins with ECED/PPE, normally from the completed age of four, followed by Grade 1. Basic education includes Lower Basic Grades 1–5 and Upper Basic Grades 6–8. Secondary education includes Grades 9–10 and Grades 11–12, often described as the 10+2 structure. Nepal does not have direct local equivalents to the German Gymnasium, Realschule, Gesamtschule or Berufsschule, so school types should be understood through Nepal's own classifications. Community or public schools are supported by the state. Institutional Schools are private schools operated by trusts or under the Companies Act and are generally financed through fees paid by parents. Religious schools may include Madrassa, Gumba or Vihar, and Ashram or Gurukul institutions. They can be formally recognized and integrated into the national education system when they meet applicable standards. A school place near the home is a legal entitlement, but the evidence does not establish a strictly exclusive catchment system. Families may choose another school where admission is available, while an Institutional School may apply its own legally limited selection and admission rules. Admission to Basic education generally may not be refused. The state regulates compulsory attendance for children from the completed age of four until before the completed age of thirteen. This obligation concerns Basic education, regular attendance and completion of Basic education; it does not automatically extend to all of Secondary education. Local levels have the main responsibility for operating compulsory and free Basic and Secondary education, school access, local curricula and implementation of support. Schools handle admission, teaching and internal assessment. The federal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology sets policy, legislation, standards, national curricula and teacher standards. The Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) develops curricula and textbooks, the Centre for Education and Human Resource Development (CEHRD) supports implementation and teacher training, and the National Examination Board (NEB) manages national examinations. Provinces coordinate and support education. State-provided Basic and Secondary education is free within the legal framework. Community schools may not charge student fees for education they declare free, but families may still pay for uniforms, transport, additional materials or other school-related services. Institutional Schools usually charge tuition and may charge separate amounts for services. Public schools provide free textbooks. Local levels may provide notebooks, pens and other materials to children from poor households. Scholarships and incentives target groups such as Dalit children, girls, disadvantaged groups and children with disabilities. Braille and sign-language support are legally provided. School meals and School Nutrition programmes depend on the programme and local implementation, and Nepal has no uniformly guaranteed nationwide transport or care service. Sikai Chautari provides a free state digital learning offer. The National Curriculum Framework 2076 and grade- and subject-specific CDC curricula combine a national core with local curricula. Nepali, English and local languages may be used according to the school and locality. Mother-tongue and multilingual teaching are permitted and protected, especially from ECED through Grade 3. Schools provide regular formal classroom teaching with school-based learning support, formative assessment and periodic assessment. Grade 8 is assessed through the Basic Level Examination (BLE) organized at Local Level. Grade 10 students take the Secondary Education Examination (SEE), and Grade 12 students take an NEB examination and receive a school-leaving certificate. After Grade 8, the usual transition is to Grade 9; after SEE, students may continue to Grades 11–12 or choose a technical or vocational pathway. Higher education may follow Grade 12 but belongs to a separate education area.