Learning in Russia

School education progresses from primary school through basic general and upper secondary education. The OGE (Basic State Examination) and EGE (Unified State Examination) are used at key transitions. The exact subjects, admission conditions and available programmes depend on the institution and education level. What is often called apprenticeship in Russia is mainly delivered through secondary vocational education. A student usually studies at a college or technical school, combines classroom teaching with practical training, and may gain workplace experience. Employer training, internships and short vocational programmes provide additional forms of job preparation. Higher education is offered by universities, academies, institutes and other recognised institutions. Common programmes include bachelor's, specialist, master's and postgraduate study. A college qualification can lead directly to work or provide a basis for further study, while higher education follows its own admission and programme requirements. Places may be budget-funded or paid, and admission often considers school-leaving examination results. Language affects how a learner follows lessons, completes assessments and uses study materials. Russian is the main language in national public life and most education. Some republics recognise local state languages, while communities preserve minority and Indigenous languages. Schools commonly teach at least one foreign language, but the depth of learning varies. Upskilling includes employer training, short courses and formal additional professional education. Professional development improves existing skills; professional retraining prepares for a different professional role. The suitable choice depends on the learner's current qualification, work goal and the recognition required by the employer or profession.