Surroundings in Senegal

Senegal has no single national authority responsible for all surroundings. The local functional network includes cadre de vie, meaning the directly experienced living environment, together with assainissement, drinking-water services, public hygiene, public spaces, spatial planning and risk management. The response to a local problem depends on its subject, location and service arrangement. Water and sanitation often determine daily conditions. SONES manages water infrastructure, investment and quality control, while SEN'EAU provides urban and peri-urban water services. ONAS manages public wastewater and excreta services, drainage-related systems, autonomous sanitation, quality control and sludge management. In rural and semi-urban areas, programmes and project-based arrangements may replace these urban structures. In 2023, 8.6% of urban residents and 32.3% of rural residents did not have drinking water at their premises; the figure for Dakar was 6.9%. A household tap inside the dwelling was the main national source for 49.5% of households. Direct access depends on the network, the locality and the connection arrangement. A standard SEN'EAU connection quotation costs FCFA 5,764. Surveying takes no more than eight days, a simple connection of up to five metres costs FCFA 89,792 before tax, construction takes up to 15 days, and the quotation remains valid for 90 days. The water tariff is set by the state. Service complaints to SEN'EAU can be reported on 800 00 11 11. ONAS lists a disposal charge of FCFA 236 per cubic metre, but household emptying prices are not published as one uniform national tariff. Sanitation conditions differ widely. Nationally, wastewater is discharged into streets or the natural environment in 41.6% of cases and into a sewer in 19.2%; in urban areas, sewer discharge reaches 30.4%, compared with 68.5% discharged into streets or the natural environment in rural areas. National sanitation facilities include flush toilets connected to a pit for 44.8% of households and sewer connections for 18.1%. In Dakar, 47% of households are connected to sewers, 16.2% use closed drains, and 76.2% have hygienic wastewater disposal. Open discharge, flooding, maintenance and emptying costs remain practical barriers. The Code de l'Assainissement regulates planning, discharge conditions, reuse of treated water, sludge management and autonomous systems. Basic infrastructure also varies by place and income. SENELEC electricity provides lighting for 74.4% of households nationally. Dakar records 96.2% network electricity access, 96.6% water access and 94.4% access to toilets classified as safe. Waste collection by truck reaches 40.3% of households nationally. Mobile connectivity is the main digital access method: Senegal recorded 21,125,421 internet lines in the fourth quarter of 2024, with 116.55% penetration and 96.46% mobile-internet penetration. These figures do not establish a uniform standard for local roads, street lighting, drainage or network reliability. Waste management involves PROMOGED, UCG and local authorities. The service chain can include pre-collection, collection, sorting, composting, transfer, treatment and disposal. Dakar and the Mbeubeuss area are particularly relevant to waste pressures. Households are expected to present waste in an orderly way, but collection access depends on the municipality and available service. Existing financing includes the TEOM or road tax; reforms have proposed a REOM, a service-based household waste charge, together with an ecotax. Charges and collection times therefore vary and remain subject to change. Air quality is especially relevant in Dakar, industrial and transport corridors, and during seasonal dust and Harmattan conditions. CGQA, the air-quality monitoring centre, and DIREC monitor PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, ozone, carbon monoxide and lead. The air-quality index is generally satisfactory below 100; above 100, sensitive groups are affected first and the wider population may later be affected. Senegal's NS-05-062 standard lists a PM10 daily limit of 260 micrograms per cubic metre and an annual limit of 80 micrograms per cubic metre. Monitoring coverage is not nationwide, so official bulletins and measurement portals are more informative than assuming that conditions are the same across Senegal. Noise and odour complaints are handled through environmental authorities and, where necessary, the police or gendarmerie. DEEC's Division for the Prevention and Control of Pollution and Nuisances, regional environmental directorates and environmental brigades provide complaint and inspection channels. Construction sites, industrial areas, the Bay of Hann and densely populated neighbourhoods are recurring pressure points. Senegal has no evidenced uniform national noise action plan, standard complaint fee or single processing deadline. Public green spaces include gardens, urban axes and other everyday open areas. DPUEP designs, develops and maintains public spaces in cooperation with municipalities. Their opening hours, rules, maintenance and use differ by site. Dakar faces pressure on the Niayes, the Mbao classified forest and Hann forest park; a 10-hectare Dakar-Yoff urban forest park has been planned. These surroundings questions concern access to everyday green infrastructure, while biodiversity and protected-area management belong to a different subject. Safety risks in the immediate environment include seasonal flooding, standing water, coastal erosion, sea-level rise, heat, drought, fires and air or water pollution, as well as unsafe public spaces. DPC under the Ministry of the Interior coordinates prevention, protection and ORSEC emergency planning; BNSP provides nationwide fire and emergency services. Police can be reached on 17, firefighters on 18, and the green emergency line on 800 00 20 20. A geohazards portal provides risk information. In 2021–2022, 49.5% of surveyed people said they did not feel safe in their neighbourhood after dark, while 3.7% reported an assault during the previous year. Residents can participate through municipal offices, neighbourhood delegates, village chiefs, commissions, regional development committees, civil-society organisations and associations. Environmental impact assessments include formal public participation. ANAT, the national agency for spatial planning, uses consultation in instruments such as PNADT, SCADT and SDADT. PROGEP community engagement includes information, education, communication and a grievance mechanism intended to be accessible, prompt and culturally appropriate. Participation can begin informally with religious or traditional authorities, but formal complaints and decisions may involve the mairie, sous-préfet, préfet, governor, police, gendarmerie or tribunal. Spatial change affects services and risks. PNADT Horizon 2035 provides an integrated spatial-planning framework, while Vision Sénégal 2050 sets transformation goals for balanced urban development, service access and sustainable distribution of resources and infrastructure. ANAT handles spatial planning, mapping and location permits; municipalities handle instruments such as PDU, SDAU, subdivisions and local development plans, with responsibilities varying in practice. A location permit has a statutory 30-day period, although practice can take longer. Rapid urbanisation and informal peripheral development can place settlements on former wetlands or low-lying land and increase flood exposure. PROGEP II for 2021–2029 combines drainage, resilient urban planning and community participation; by 15 December 2024 it reported 751 hectares protected, 35,151 metres of drainage built, 116,000 beneficiaries and more than 63,000 people reached through awareness activities. A useful assessment identifies the exact locality, the affected service, the responsible body, the available contact channel, the likely cost and the relevant risk. Housing-market questions, transport-system analysis and nature conservation require separate treatment, although they can affect water, air, noise, access, land pressure and safety.