Banks in Somalia

A commercial bank accepts deposits for repayment under account terms and provides services such as cheques, transfers, lending and investment. Somalia's formal financial market also includes money transfer businesses, mobile-money providers, microfinance institutions and payment systems. The 2026 CBS register lists 15 commercial banks, 17 money transfer businesses, 6 mobile-money services, 21 microfinance institutions and 2 payment systems. Bank assets reached about US$2.0 billion in 2024, while reported capital adequacy was 19 percent. The Central Bank of Somalia licenses and supervises banks, oversees Somali-Shilling issuance, and regulates payment, clearing and settlement functions. The National Payment System, launched in July 2021, includes an automated clearing house, real-time gross settlement and instant fund-transfer services. IBAN-compatible accounts were introduced in 2023, and SOMQR payment functionality followed in March 2023. Customers may use branches, agents, ATMs, online or mobile banking, and point-of-sale terminals, depending on the bank and location. The CBS register includes institutions operating in places such as Garowe and Bosaso. Somaliland has a separate de facto regulator, the Bank of Somaliland, with its own licensing, currency and payment practices under the Central Bank Act 54/2012 and Islamic Banking Act 55/2012. CBS rules do not automatically apply in Somaliland, so the responsible territorial regulator must be checked before opening an account or using a provider there. Banks offer current accounts, savings or deposit accounts, business and corporate accounts, salary accounts, diaspora accounts, and student or junior accounts. Islamic deposit and savings products follow Shariah principles and may use agreed profit-and-loss sharing instead of conventional interest. Product conditions, minimum balances, withdrawal rules and returns differ by institution. A bank may also provide debit or prepaid Visa or Mastercard cards, virtual cards, ATM access, cardless withdrawals and domestic or international transfers, but availability, acceptance and fees are not uniform. Know Your Customer (KYC) checks identify the account holder and help prevent fraud and money laundering. From 1 September 2025, the CBS requires a valid NIRA National ID to open a new bank account or update an account, beginning in Banadir and rolling out elsewhere. Banks may also request an identity document or passport, photographs, address or income evidence, and next-of-kin information. Activation times and account-opening requirements vary because Somalia has no single published retail service deadline. There is no uniform nationwide retail tariff for account services. The bank sets charges for activation, cards, ATM use, transfers and foreign-exchange transactions. Mobile-money providers must display their fees and give at least 30 days' notice before changing them. A mobile-money wallet is electronic money rather than a bank account: customer funds are held with a commercial bank, cash redemption must be available at face value, and transfers or redemptions use the safeguarded funds account. Wallet balances do not expire, and providers remain responsible for harm caused by their agents. Interoperability, KYC, anti-money-laundering controls, transaction limits and refund or dispute procedures apply under the Mobile Money Regulation 2020, as amended in 2021. Money transfer businesses and hawala services can send or receive remittances but are not automatically bank accounts. They may be useful for payments or remittances when a bank account, card or branch is unavailable, but their licensing, account features and protections differ. Mobile money, money transfers and bank services are gradually connected through the National Payment System, although full integration of money transfer businesses remains a reform objective. Do not assume that every deposit has a government-backed guarantee. Article 78 of the 2025 Financial Institutions Law PDF, which is marked as a draft, plans a deposit insurance scheme whose covered deposits, protection ceiling, premiums and administration would be set by later regulations. No public operational ceiling or confirmed protection status establishes a blanket guarantee, and mobile-money safeguarding is not automatically deposit insurance. Customers should first use the bank's or provider's complaint desk. The channel should be accessible, provide a prompt or reasonable response, and give status updates. An unresolved matter can be escalated to the CBS; where no national ombudsperson is available, CBS senior management may serve that role. For security, verify the provider in the relevant territorial register, use official applications and channels, protect the PIN, password and device, and keep transaction receipts. The Financial Reporting Center handles suspicious-transaction reporting, while confidentiality, anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing duties apply to regulated institutions.