Immigration law in Spain

Spain distinguishes between short stays, longer residence, work permission, family-based status, study-related status, and international protection. Each route has its own purpose and evidence. Citizens of the European Union and certain family members use a different legal framework from most non-EU nationals. Their documents and procedures should not be confused with the general extranjería system. A visa usually concerns permission to travel for a stated purpose. Residence authorization concerns the legal right to live in Spain, and work rights depend on the particular status. The NIE is a foreigner's identification number used in official and economic dealings. It is not, by itself, proof of lawful residence or permission to work. The TIE is the physical foreigner identity card issued to many non-EU residents. It records an existing status but does not independently create that status. Empadronamiento is registration with the municipality where a person lives. It can help prove local residence and access municipal services, but it is not an immigration permit. Applications commonly require identity documents and evidence about purpose, family relationship, work, study, resources, accommodation, insurance, or personal history. Foreign documents may need formal authentication and an accepted translation. Administrative authorities decide most immigration applications first. Refusals and other decisions can have review routes, while courts may examine disputed administrative action. Asylum and other forms of international protection are separate from ordinary migration routes. People fearing persecution or serious harm should seek specialized help because safety and confidentiality are central.