Professions in São Tomé and Príncipe

The local terms profissões and ocupações describe occupations, while the Classificação Nacional das Profissões de São Tomé e Príncipe (CNP-STP) classifies occupational groups. CAE-STP classifies economic activities of companies and is therefore not the same as an occupational classification. A profissão liberal is a profession generally exercised with professional responsibility and independence; some such professions also require registration or a cédula profissional, meaning a professional card or practice credential. The 2012 population census recorded 56,792 employed people aged 10 and over. The largest occupational groups were services and sales with 14,585 people, agriculture, fishing and forestry with 10,705, non-qualified work with 9,649, craft and trade work with 7,568, plant and machine operation with 3,929, specialists with 3,258, intermediate technicians with 3,064, administration with 2,039, management and direction with 1,470, and military occupations with 525. These figures describe the census year and should not be treated as a current workforce count. The 2020 business census, using 2019 data, recorded 10,019 people in the formal business sector and 1,192 establishments. Commerce and repair employed 3,024 people, manufacturing 1,892, transport 632, accommodation and food services 615, agriculture 601, and administration and other services 817. The census covered formally registered, physically identifiable businesses, so informal work is statistically underrepresented. Formal employment is concentrated in Água Grande, which accounted for 5,946 full-time positions, or 69.1% of the recorded total; Caué accounted for 940, or 10.9%, and the Autonomous Region of Príncipe (RAP) for 281, or 3.3%. Príncipe has its own regional delegation and a Centro de Aperfeiçoamento e Desenvolvimento Rural (CADR), even though its formal employment volume is smaller. The Ministry of Labour, Solidarity, Social Security and Family (MTSSS) oversees labour matters through the Direcção do Trabalho, Emprego e Formação Profissional (DTEFP), the Centro de Formação Profissional de São Tomé e Príncipe (CFP-STP) and the Inspecção-Geral do Trabalho (IGT). The Instituto Nacional de Segurança Social (INSS) handles social security. Education and training responsibilities include the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Higher Education through the Direcção do Ensino Secundário e Técnico-Profissional (DESTP), the Universidade de São Tomé e Príncipe (USTP), the Agência Nacional de Avaliação e Acreditação da Educação (ANAACE) and the Agência Nacional de Regulação do Ensino Superior (ANRES). Agriculture, natural resources, justice, health and other sectors also have their own authorities. People enter occupations through informal work-based learning, CFP-STP courses, technical and vocational training under Decreto-Lei 45/2012, USTP or another higher-education pathway, and sector-specific pathways. Technical and vocational training includes practical work and is organised by levels: Nível I covers basic skills under supervision; Nível II covers operational skills with partial autonomy; Nível III covers independent tasks and responsibility; and Nível IV covers broad technical and theoretical knowledge. Teaching careers require an additional teaching qualification under Decreto-Lei 05/2022. A course certificate, diploma or other qualification can document training, but recognition or equivalence may require review by the responsible education authority. São Tomé and Príncipe does not have reliable evidence of one national register or licence covering every occupation. Access is regulated selectively. Medical practice is supervised by the Ordem dos Médicos de São Tomé e Príncipe (ORMED-STP), which deals with qualifications, ethics, professional conduct and oversight. Legal practice is regulated by the Ordem dos Advogados São-Tomense (OASTP) under Lei 10/2006; professional registration and a valid cédula are generally required for the professional title and judicial mandates, and the required internship lasts 12 months. Other sectors may have specific requirements, but they should not be assumed without checking the responsible authority. The Código do Trabalho, Lei 6/2019, governs general employment conditions. Written employment information should state the occupational category and duties, workplace, duration, pay, working time, leave and notice period. The normal maximum working time is 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week; permitted exceptions can reach an average of 45 hours per week. Employees receive at least 22 working days of annual leave, and the statutory minimum wage follows a legal formula that is updated periodically. The IGT supervises working conditions, working time and breaches, and labour disputes may go through conciliation with a maximum period of 15 days. The minimum working age is 15. From age 14, only light work under protective conditions is permitted. Foreign specialists need a work authorisation from the MTSSS or its delegated authority, proof of qualifications and a demonstrated need where an adequate national supply is unavailable. The written contract may last up to three years, and approved workers receive equal treatment under the applicable rules. Employers must also support the training of national replacement staff, and management-level workplaces must include at least 20% national employees. Costs and processing times vary by course, institution and regulated profession; there is no reliable evidence of one nationwide professional licensing fee or processing deadline. Professional work also brings duties concerning competence, occupational safety, employment reporting and, where applicable, professional ethics and disciplinary rules. Risks are especially relevant in agriculture, fishing, construction, production, health and transport. Career development can combine Nível I to IV progression, work-based learning, further training, a USTP qualification, teaching certification, or public-sector careers governed by the Estatuto da Função Pública or a special statute. Workers who study may have flexible working time, examination leave and pathways to advancement under the applicable rules.