Housing in Sudan

Sudan has no single housing system. People obtain housing through registered purchase or transfer, private rent or subletting, family or clan accommodation, state housing schemes, customary allocation, informal settlement, self-help construction and humanitarian shelter or repair support. Access and safety vary sharply by state, conflict conditions, displacement history and the authority controlling the land. Conflict and displacement dominate many housing decisions. Host households may share crowded homes with displaced families, while others live in damaged houses, camps, collective centres, informal settlements, emergency tents or schools and other public buildings. UNHCR reported inadequate shelter for more than 63% of internally displaced households in 2024. The 2025 DTM/MSNA assessment found unmet shelter needs among 45% of households. An urban household survey conducted from May to July 2024 found that 31% of surveyed households were displaced. Local shelter types can include a rakouba or tukul. Humanitarian agencies may provide family tents, wooden poles, reed mats, shargani roofing, rope, tools, cash for shelter or repair assistance. Shelter support is usually temporary or transitional and does not automatically create secure rights to the land. Housing rights may be recorded under the Land Settlement and Registration Act 1925, as amended in 1985. The General Registrar of Lands operates under the Judiciary, with 106 Land Registration Offices listed by the Judiciary. A شهادة البحث, or search certificate, helps verify ownership or use rights for sale, transfer, mortgage, subdivision or merger. ملكية العين refers to freehold title, while ملكية المنفعة, also called حكر, refers to a usufruct or leasehold interest. A شهادة حيازة is a possession certificate used for some unplanned or unregistered plots. A sale or transfer normally requires the owner or a valid power of attorney, an identity card or e-passport and payment of a fee. The certificate used for sale or transfer is valid for seven days; verification is described as same-day on the relevant procedure information, while individual registration steps may take about 24 to 48 hours where services operate. These times are not guaranteed nationwide. Possession is not the same as a secure title. Statutory law, customary law and religious traditions operate in parallel, and verbal or customary agreements may be difficult to prove. Under the legacy Unregistered Land Act 1970, unregistered land may be treated as government land, creating possible conflict between a statutory title, a customary claim and actual use or possession. In Darfur, the Hakura system can allocate a Dar, meaning tribal or community homeland, through a sheikh or Native Administration. The allocation may be conditional or time-limited and can be reassigned after non-use. Native Administration can mediate land, boundary and grazing disputes. The Juba Peace Agreement recognized indigenous tribal land ownership and Hakura rights and provided for restoration or compensation for lost or seized housing, land and property, but the current operation of the National Land Commission and Darfur Land Commission has not been verified. State and local Urban Planning Committees, land authorities and ministries responsible for infrastructure or urban development may control planning decisions. An approved sketch or survey can be required for opening or subdividing land. No current, verified nationwide building-permit process is established in the available information, so local requirements must be confirmed with the responsible authority. Housing finance may come from the National Fund for Housing and Reconstruction, State Housing Funds, banks or Islamic-finance providers. Programmes can cover السكن الشعبي, or popular or social housing, السكن الاقتصادي, or affordable housing, and السكن القومي, or national housing, but access, prioritization, instalments and security requirements vary by programme and state. Sudan has no evidenced universal housing benefit. The Diwan of Zakat may support a family without registered accommodation through a local office, a Zakat Committee case form, proof from a housing or land authority and a current residence certificate; the recorded service cost is zero, but availability depends on the local security and administrative situation. Tenants and occupants should keep written evidence of the arrangement, the identity of the counterparty, rent or payment records and witness details. A landlord or allocating authority should be able to show valid title or authority, while a customary allocation should record the allocating authority, duration and conditions. Sudan does not have a verified uniform nationwide system for registering residential tenancies or standard rules on notice, deposits or eviction that can be stated for every location. Women may face additional barriers: in Darfur, UN reporting has found that Hakura practice may provide no direct land rights for women, leaving access dependent on male relatives in some settings. Female-headed households, widows, inheritance and participation in land governance therefore require specific checking rather than a countrywide assumption. Nomadic and pastoral households may hold temporary rights to water, grazing or livestock routes rather than permanent housing land. Housing quality concerns safety, privacy, protection from weather, water and sanitation, health, drainage and flood exposure. Repairs, rehabilitation, transitional housing and site planning can improve habitability, but severe rains, floods and conflict damage differ by region. Land and housing disputes may first go to Native Administration or local committees in customary areas. Registered-land disputes may involve Land Registration Offices, planning bodies, the Judiciary or courts. Competing claims, unlawful occupation, boundary disputes, return, restitution and secondary occupation carry high risks. Humanitarian organisations may provide legal aid or housing, land and property counselling for displaced or returning households. Returning or relocating after conflict can affect both the returning household and people who now occupy the property. Evidence such as title records, occupancy documents, leases, customary allocations, damage records, inheritance documents and witness statements should be preserved. Restoration or compensation cannot be assumed, and no nationwide operational mechanism guaranteeing safe re-entry or replacement housing has been verified.