Food in Tanzania

Tanzania's food system includes formal businesses, non-formal providers and informal household or street-based activity. Small-scale farming dominates, using more than 90% of cultivated land. Major crops include maize, paddy rice, cassava, sorghum, millet, sweet and Irish potatoes, bananas and plantains, beans and other pulses, groundnuts, sunflower, sesame and cashew. Livestock, poultry, inland fish and marine fish add animal-source foods. The 2023/24 agricultural survey recorded different uses of harvested crops. Agricultural households used 52.8% of maize for household consumption and sold 42.7% unprocessed. For paddy, the corresponding figures were 40.3% and 49.3%; for sorghum, 66.8% and 27.8%. Households used 63.3% of sweet-potato harvests and 59.5% of cassava harvests for consumption, while 87.8% of Irish potatoes were sold unprocessed. These figures show why household food supply and market availability can change by crop and region. Common meals and foods include ugali, wali, pilau, biryani, maharage, mchicha, ndizi, nyama choma, mishkaki, chipsi mayai, urojo, vitumbua, chapati and maandazi. Home preparation, local markets, street-vended food and restaurants all contribute to daily eating. Sharing meals, tea and offered food are common forms of hospitality, but practices differ by household, community and occasion. Coastal Tanzania and Zanzibar are associated with Swahili cooking, spices, coconut and seafood. Inland and highland areas commonly rely more on ugali, rice, beans, greens, bananas and meat. The Southern Highlands are known for maize, rice, potatoes, horticulture, dairy and meat, while the Western zone produces rice, maize, cassava, bananas and fish. Food-based dietary guidelines are public recommendations that connect foods with a balanced diet. Mainland Tanzania issued guidelines in 2023 and Zanzibar issued separate guidelines in 2022. Both use six broad groups: staples and starchy roots, tubers and plantains; vegetables; fruits; pulses, nuts and seeds; animal-source foods; and healthy fats or oils. A model reference of 2,300 kilocalories per day is used in the guidance, but individual needs differ. The recommendations include diverse foods, at least three handfuls of vegetables daily, at least two types of fruit daily, pulses and animal-source foods each day, and less deep-fried or highly processed food, added sugar and salt. The examples and wording differ between Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. Food safety responsibilities differ between the two parts of the United Republic of Tanzania. On the Mainland, the Tanzania Bureau of Standards, known as TBS, handles standards, product and premises registration, inspection, certification and post-market control. Food and cosmetics regulation shifted from TFDA to TBS on 1 July 2019. Pre-packaged food must be registered, and premises such as restaurants, hotels, kiosks, canteens, retailers, warehouses and food carriers require registration. A typical application involves online submission, payment, product evaluation or inspection and permit issuance. Product registration is valid for five years and premises registration for one year. In Zanzibar, the Zanzibar Food and Drugs Agency, ZFDA, controls food premises, products and imports, while the Zanzibar Bureau of Standards, ZBS, handles standards, inspection, testing and certification. Food-premises registration is generally valid for one year, and ZNS 664:2024 sets compulsory general food-hygiene principles. Testing can cover aflatoxin, pesticide residues and heavy metals. Formal food businesses also need a business licence and any applicable Mainland or Zanzibar registration. Ordinary food purchases, home production and local vending generally have no national eligibility gate. Informal food service is widely used, especially in urban areas, but food-safety duties still apply. Consumers should select certified, unexpired packaged goods and can submit complaints to TBS on the Mainland. Prices have no single national meal rate. In February 2026, Mainland food and non-alcoholic beverages recorded year-on-year inflation of 5.7% and represented 28.2% of the consumer basket; Zanzibar recorded food inflation of 9.18% in January 2026, with food representing 40.53% of its basket. Dar es Salaam's 2024 annual average prices included TSh 1,288.89 per kilogram for maize, TSh 1,043.16 for potatoes, TSh 1,430.46 for tomatoes, TSh 2,591.35 for onions, TSh 1,327.95 for bananas, TSh 10,513.56 for beef, TSh 11,310.79 for freshwater fish and TSh 500 per egg. Locality, season and the choice between a market, vendor or restaurant strongly affect the amount paid. Sustainable food production is addressed through the Agricultural Sector Development Programme II and climate-smart agriculture, with attention to water and land management, storage, agroprocessing, crop-residue use and market access. Water stress, land degradation and variable cereal yields can affect future supply. Tanzania has no single nationwide consumer rule on food loss and waste identified in the reviewed material; practical responses include better storage, processing surplus crops and using crop residues responsibly.