Unemployment in Tanzania

The National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician measure unemployment through the Integrated Labour Force Survey. In 2025, the rate was 5.9% across Tanzania: 4.7% for men and 7.4% for women. The rate was 5.9% on Tanzania Mainland and 7.3% in Zanzibar, including 12.1% for women in Zanzibar. Urban unemployment was 6.9%, compared with 5.0% in rural areas, and Dar es Salaam recorded 9.3%. The rate was 9.3% among people aged 15 to 24 and 7.5% among those aged 15 to 35. Long-term unemployment lasting at least 12 months affected 24.6% of unemployed people, while broader labour underutilisation reached 23.9%. A person looking for work can register with the Tanzania Employment Services Agency, known as TaESA. TaESA provides registration, career guidance, employment counselling, job-search training, placement and links to employers, including some domestic and cross-border opportunities. Its Jobs Gateway and ESMIS services support vacancies and employment-service access. Registration with TaESA is not shown as a prerequisite for the statistical definition of unemployment or for claiming an NSSF, PSSSF or ZSSF benefit. TaESA reported 10,540 registered and mentored jobseekers and 5,161 people trained in job-search skills in 2022, with 909 linked to domestic opportunities. No official user fee for the service is evidenced. Job searches in Tanzania commonly rely on personal networks and direct contact with employers. The 2020/21 labour-force data recorded friends, relatives and unions as the most common method at 38.4%, followed by approaching prospective employers or worksites at 29.7%, starting a small business at 22.0%, agriculture at 6.2%, TaESA at 1.3% and employment agencies at 0.4%. These figures help explain why re-entry often leads to informal work. In 2025, 95.7% of employment was informal, while social-security coverage was recorded at 9.9% of the employed population in the 2021 policy baseline. Income protection is mainly contributory rather than a general unemployment payment. On Tanzania Mainland, NSSF covers private-sector and some self-employed members, while PSSSF covers public-service members. Core conditions include at least 18 months of contributions, qualifying termination or cessation other than resignation, Tanzanian citizenship, no pension or gratuity or other long-term benefit, no new employment and being below the applicable retirement threshold. The benefit stops when the claimant returns to employment. NSSF claims generally must be filed within six months after cessation unless a delay is approved. Its official FAQ states that the payment is 33.3% of former salary for up to six months within a 12-month period; where contributions are below 18 months, the payment is 50% of total contributions. PSSSF claims use the employer-submitted PS-BEN.6 form and require a termination letter, current payslip, statutory declaration confirming no new employment and proof of citizenship. PSSSF also states a payment of 33.3% of salary for up to six months within 12 months. Zanzibar has a separate formal scheme through the Zanzibar Social Security Fund, or ZSSF. Its Fao la Upotevu wa Ajira unemployment benefit was introduced through the 2022 amendment and regulations. A member generally needs at least 18 months of contributions and qualifying cessation of employment other than resignation. The public information reviewed does not state the benefit amount or filing deadline, so those details should be checked against the applicable ZSSF regulation before filing. NSSF, PSSSF and ZSSF schemes are not interchangeable across Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, and no general unemployment-benefit access for people outside these contributory schemes is evidenced. The Productive Social Safety Net targets poverty and vulnerability rather than unemployment specifically. A job loss can also raise a separate employment-law issue. Under the Employment and Labour Relations Act, a termination should have a valid and fair reason, follow a fair procedure and be communicated in writing with the reason and termination date. A person challenging an unfair termination generally files at the Commission for Mediation and Arbitration within 30 days after dismissal. CMA Form F.1 is used for the dispute, while late filing can require Form F.2 and an application for condonation. The e-Utatuzi service provides digital access to dispute-resolution processes. An unemployment registration or benefit claim does not replace an unfair-termination complaint, and receiving a benefit does not guarantee placement in a new job.