Housing in Timor-Leste

The 2022 Census recorded 250,270 private households in Timor-Leste, with an average household size of 5.4 people. It distinguishes conventional dwellings from other housing units and records households as owners, main tenants, subtenants, partly rent-free, wholly rent-free or using another arrangement. About 9.5% of conventional dwellings were vacant nationally and 7.6% were vacant in Dili. Extended-family living is common, so the number of people sharing a dwelling can affect space, privacy and household responsibilities. Property rights can arise through recognition or award under Law 13/2017. The system can address earlier formal rights, customary or long-term possession, informal property rights and community property, with equal rights for men and women. Older rights may appear under forms such as propriedade perfeita, hakmilik, aforamento, hakguna-bangunan or hakguna-usaha. Foreigners cannot privately own land, but they can use land through a lease, including certain State private-domain properties. A property search should check cadastral information, the ownership certificate, encumbrances, disputes and whether the land belongs to the State or a community. The relevant land and property authorities, including the Ministério da Justiça and municipal offices, handle different parts of this process. A cadastral systematic survey is free, while registration and other official charges depend on the procedure. A published cadastral claim period lasts at least 90 days, and disputed cases can go to the Land and Property Commission. No uniform national time limit exists for issuing every type of title. An arrendamento is a temporary lease of an immovable property in return for payment under the Civil Code. A private housing lease should be written, and rent is paid monthly in legal tender at the amount agreed in the contract. The contract should identify the property, use, rent, payment date, duration, repairs and handover condition. Subletting or transferring the lease depends on the contract and applicable law. Household members, including a spouse, direct relatives, certain collateral relatives up to the third degree and a qualifying cohabiting partner, can have protection to continue living in the home subject to lawful contract clauses. The landlord provides the agreed property and generally handles maintenance and repairs according to the contract. The tenant pays rent on time, uses the property as agreed, takes reasonable care, reports repair needs and returns the property at the end of the lease. A landlord may resolve the lease for reasons such as non-payment, changed use, illegal use, major unauthorized alterations or serious damage. A lease renews unless notice is given in time. For a fixed term of at least six months, the landlord cannot terminate for expiry or renewal before two years from the start. Written notice periods are generally 180 days for a term of at least six years and 90 days for a term of at least one year but less than six years. A tenant ending the lease unilaterally early generally gives 90 days' written notice and may owe one month's rent as compensation, with a maximum of two months. Expropriation can create a right to compensation under the Civil Code. Housing quality varies strongly between urban and rural areas. In conventional dwellings, concrete or brick walls were recorded for 55.9% nationally, 81.6% in urban areas and 45.6% in rural areas; palm-trunk walls accounted for 19.5% and bamboo walls for 19.6% in rural areas. A dwelling has all basic facilities when it has piped water, a toilet, a fixed bath or shower and a kitchen or cooking space inside. Only a minority of dwellings meet all four conditions. Public taps or public piped systems supplied 39.5% of households, while piped or pumped water inside the dwelling served 10.2% and a yard or plot served 11.0%. Unimproved water sources affected 13.0% nationally, 18.6% in rural areas and 8.0% in urban areas, and collection often took more than 30 minutes, especially from unimproved sources. Sanitation also differs by location. Pit latrines with slabs accounted for 43.2% of facilities and flush or pour-flush toilets for 37.4%. About 9.0% of households had no facility or used open defecation. Unimproved sanitation affected 18.9% nationally, 24.3% in rural areas and 4.7% in urban areas. Private toilets served 86.4% of households, shared toilets 12.3% and public toilets 1.3%. Dili has the strongest access to basic facilities in the available comparison, while Atauro has the weakest. Housing can be financed through mortgages or micro-mortgages, but access to housing finance is still developing and is not a universal entitlement. Licensed banks and other licensed financial institutions offer relevant services, while clear land title remains a key condition for many loans. The National Housing Policy from 2007, the proposed 2023 Housing and Accommodation Law and the reviewed or drafted 2025 National Roadmap for Housing Market Development describe policy directions concerning land and housing rights, resilient supply, family finance and institutional data. These policy documents do not create a nationwide tenant subsidy or social-rental entitlement. Rent, deposits, utilities, repairs, vacancy and access to suitable housing vary by property and location, and no reliable national rent benchmark has been identified.