Life stages in Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste has no single public service or age-stage register covering the whole life course. Responsibilities are divided among the Ministry of Justice and its National Directorate of Civil Registration and Notary, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Solidarity and Inclusion, the Instituto Nacional de Segurança Social, the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Art and Culture, municipalities, sucos, schools, employers, police, courts, community organisations and families. A suco is a local administrative and community unit that can provide residence confirmation and help connect households with public services. Formal, non-formal and informal support coexist, so the responsible body depends on the person's age, legal status, work history, residence, disability and immediate need. The population is young. Available national data indicate that 41.8% of people are under 18, 21.6% are aged 15 to 24, and 32.6% are aged 10 to 24. About 71.4% of the population lives in rural areas. These figures make birth identity, access to school, the transition from school to work, protection from violence and practical access outside Dili central concerns. People aged 60 and over also face a distinct combination of income insecurity, disability and care needs. Age categories are not uniform across law and policy: adolescence may mean 10 to 19 or 15 to 19, youth commonly means 15 to 24, and the Civil Code sets legal majority at 17. A sector-specific rule can therefore apply a different age limit. The usual sequence begins with birth registration and a birth certificate or other identity record. Birth registration is generally free, but late registration can create costs and additional document barriers. Depending on the year and data source, only about 60.0% to 89.5% of children under five have been recorded as registered, and historical coverage of birth certificates has been lower. Rural distance, transport costs, late registration, uncertainty about names, and differences between civil and baptism records can delay registration. The Lisio Book may help document a child's identity or family information before a formal birth certificate is available, but it does not remove the need to regularise civil registration. Early childhood development and preschool follow the identity stage where access is available. Basic education is public, universal, compulsory and free for nine years. Children generally enter Ensino Básico at age six. A special admission period from January to March can apply where places remain available. Fees for enrolment and certification, as well as books, learning materials, transport, meals and accommodation covered by the relevant public provision, are not charged under the stated basic-education framework. The school obligation ends at the end of the school year in which the child reaches 17. Further options include secondary education, technical and vocational education, and recurrent education. Children, called labarik in Tetum, have rights to a name and identity, education and protection from violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation. The Child Protection Law 2023 provides a national protection framework. MSSI social workers can handle casework and refer matters to the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, the courts, prosecutors, schools or community structures. Child protection remains difficult to measure because violence is substantially underreported. Child labour affected about 12.5% of children aged 5 to 17, or approximately 52,651 children, in the older survey base used for these findings. Children with disabilities face a particularly large education gap: net attendance for ages 6 to 11 was reported at 20.5% compared with 75.4% for children without disabilities, while attendance at ages 15 to 17 was 5.9% compared with 40.3%. Youth support is fragmented rather than delivered through one universal youth benefit or one institution with authority over every youth matter. The Ministry of Youth, Sports, Art and Culture, the Ministry of Education, MSSI, the Conselho Nacional da Juventude de Timor-Leste, the National Youth Parliament, schools, technical and vocational providers, civil-society organisations and organisations of persons with disabilities each contribute in different ways. The National Youth Policy 2016 and the National Action Plan for Youth 2023 to 2027 provide policy direction. Life Skills-Based Education, often shortened to LSBE, develops practical knowledge for personal, social and civic decisions. Youth participation, education, healthy lifestyles, employment and employability, violence prevention and crime prevention are policy priorities, but access depends strongly on municipality, school attendance, household income, gender and disability. The transition from school to work can involve secondary education, technical and vocational training, recurrent education, skills programmes and entry into formal or informal employment. Dropout, limited skills opportunities, unemployment, early marriage, early pregnancy, substance use, road injuries, violence and limited access to sexual and reproductive health information can interrupt this transition. Older evidence indicates that 19% of women were married before age 18 and 24% had already become mothers by age 20. Girls and young people with disabilities face additional barriers to continued education, participation and employment. Adult work and parenthood connect life-stage support to social security. The contributory social-security scheme, known as Regime Contributivo, covers eligible insured workers rather than the whole population. Employers and workers build access through contributions, so informal work can leave a gap in income protection. Maternity, paternity and adoption benefits require the relevant insured status and generally at least six months of contributions during the previous twelve months. An application is normally due no later than six months after the start of the leave. Evidence can include a birth or adoption certificate, an employer declaration and, where the certificate is not yet available, the Lisio Book. Under the employment rules recorded for this location, maternity leave is at least 12 weeks or 84 days, including at least 10 days after childbirth. The INSS payment can cover up to 90 days. Public servants have 65 working days, including 40 after childbirth, under the public-service rules. Paternity leave is five working days under the labour law and three working days in the public service. Adoption of a child under 15 can provide at least 12 weeks or 65 working days, depending on the applicable employment regime. These benefits are income-related and are not universal payments available solely because a birth or adoption occurred. Applications may be made in Dili, a municipality, the Região Administrativa Especial de Oe-Cusse Ambeno or by email; online processing is still developing. MSSI also administers family-related assistance that matters for the transition into parenthood without turning this life-stage overview into a general family-policy guide. Bolsa da Mãe and Bolsa da Mãe–Jerasaun Foun are conditional support programmes for vulnerable households with children. Recorded conditions have included basic-education attendance and access to primary health services. The amount, coverage and detailed conditions can change through legislation and programme decisions, and there is no established universal child benefit created automatically by the birth of a child. Local administrative reach affects whether a household can apply and maintain the required conditions. Older age combines income support, work history and care needs. The non-contributory Pensão Social de Velhice is generally available to Timorese citizens aged 60 or older who live in Timor-Leste and have no or insufficient contributions, subject to the applicable rules. The recorded monthly amounts are USD 60 from age 60 to 69, USD 80 from age 70 to 79 and USD 100 from age 80 onward, paid twelve times per year. The claim has no stated maximum filing period, and payment begins in the month when a complete application is received. A residence certificate from the suco is part of the usual evidence. Applications can be made in Dili, municipalities, the Região Administrativa Especial de Oe-Cusse Ambeno or by email, while online access is being developed. The non-contributory old-age pension cannot normally be combined with employment or another permanent cash benefit. False information, residence outside Timor-Leste, taking up work or failure to meet a required obligation for more than 120 days can end payment. The contributory old-age pension follows different rules. It is linked to the Regime Contributivo, contribution history and the relevant waiting period; the 2026 transition and integration rules recorded for this research refer to at least 84 months. It provides thirteen payments per year. Work is generally compatible with the contributory pension, although public employment can suspend payment. There is no national long-term-care system equivalent to a comprehensive public care insurance scheme. Permanent work incapacity can lead to an invalidity pension after the required assessment. The non-contributory Pensão Social de Invalidez is for national citizens living in Timor-Leste with permanent absolute incapacity under the relevant rules and pays USD 60 per month for twelve payments. It can end when the recipient reaches 60, returns to work, changes residence or no longer meets the incapacity condition, and it is not normally combined with employment. Contributory invalidity support can cover relative or absolute incapacity where contribution and assessment requirements are met. Most daily care for older people and people with disabilities remains with extended families and communities. Public and non-governmental home-care and social-solidarity services are limited, and no national network of residential care facilities or nationwide geriatric training guidance has been established in the available findings. MSSI, health and community services, organisations of persons with disabilities and non-governmental organisations may provide assistance, but availability varies sharply by location. Disability data are probably incomplete; the 2022 census recorded 17,061 people with disabilities, or 1.6% of the population, which may understate actual need. Life-stage transitions also include disability, adoption, death, migration, loss of work and changes in residence. A birth certificate, school record, employer declaration, contribution history, medical assessment or suco residence confirmation may determine whether a later service can be accessed. Eligibility is often tied to nationality, residence, contributions, age, household vulnerability or an assessment of incapacity. A person should not assume that receiving one benefit automatically creates entitlement to another. Crises can interrupt several transitions at once. Violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation involving children can be reported through MSSI social-welfare workers, with referrals to police, prosecutors, courts, schools or community structures. Floods, drought, landslides, extreme heat and storms can disrupt education, food, water, shelter, protection and household income. The 2025 Climate Action for the Last Mile programme covered Dili, Lautém and Viqueque and reached more than 30,000 children and family members, but shock-responsive social protection remains incomplete. There is no confirmed nationwide one-phone or one-stop crisis service, fixed universal crisis payment or single deadline that applies to every event. Local access, the type of emergency and the responsible institution determine the available response.