Apprenticeship in Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan's vocational education system is state-regulated and uses several local forms. Başlangyç hünär bilimi means primary vocational education and usually lasts 1 to 1.5 years. Hünär taýýarlygy means vocational training and can last up to 6 months. Orta hünär bilimi means secondary vocational education and usually lasts 2 to 4 years. Study may be full-time, part-time or full-and-part-time. Part-time and full-and-part-time secondary vocational education generally require two years of related work experience and an employer recommendation. The Ministry of Education and authorized executive bodies set the main framework, while the Cabinet of Ministers approves standards, classifiers and curricula. Sector ministries, state enterprises and agencies can provide or commission training. State vocational schools include primary vocational schools, lyceums, secondary vocational schools and colleges. Enterprise training units, educational-production complexes and qualified licensed specialists can provide functional alternatives. Private providers require a licence and state accreditation. Applicants for primary and secondary vocational education generally need complete general secondary education. Admission is application-based and competitive, with documents and entrance examinations handled by the State Commission and local working commissions. Creative, physical or psychological suitability tests may apply to particular programmes. Targeted training can serve remote or sparsely populated areas through a contract. For the 2026 admission cycle, the approved plan scheduled applications from 13 July to 24 August 2026 in Ashgabat, Arkadag and the velayats; the planned intake for secondary vocational education was 10,879 students. Training combines lectures, practical classes, seminars, laboratory work, independent study, educational or industrial practice, and course or diploma projects. Secondary vocational programmes include at least 2,160 hours of theory and 135 hours of practice, although the total practice share varies by school and speciality. Fields include engineering and technology, oil and gas, energy, aviation, railway and maritime transport, construction, agriculture, healthcare, pedagogy, economics, finance, banking, trade, tourism, hospitality, publishing, printing, arts and culture. The main language of vocational education is Turkmen, and a foreign language is compulsory. A foreign language may serve as the main teaching language only where the programme and applicable legal basis allow it. State final attestation leads to a primary vocational diploma, a vocational-training certificate or a secondary vocational diploma. The qualification supports relevant professional activity where the law requires that educational level. Secondary vocational graduates are subject to graduate-placement rules. A targeted-training contract may also require a specified period of work after graduation and financial liability if its terms are breached. A first professional programme in a state institution is free when obtained competitively with State Budget financing. State institutions provide textbooks and teaching aids free of charge, while scholarships and dormitory or boarding placement follow the applicable rules. Educational loans are available. Tuition can apply to excess admission, part-time or full-and-part-time study, a second qualification, non-budget specialities or targeted training; verified national tuition tariffs were not available. Enterprise learning may resemble an apprenticeship in practice, but the available evidence does not establish an independent informal apprenticeship system or a nationwide apprenticeship wage and contract model.