Health in Turkmenistan

The Ministry of Health and Medical Industry sets national health policy and oversees prevention, psychiatric and psychological services, medicines, emergency and specialized care, rehabilitation, family medicine, licensing and telehealth. Regional health departments and public treatment-and-prophylactic institutions provide services through the velayat and etrap system. Primary care usually begins at a polyclinic or with a family doctor. The formal pathway can continue from primary care to an etrap or district hospital and then to a city, velayat or central clinical hospital. Inpatient admission generally follows a referral, except in emergencies and some fee-paying arrangements. Current nationwide admission rules, fees and waiting times are not consistently available in a single public source. Citizens have a right to state-guaranteed free medical care and services. Foreign nationals and stateless people are generally covered unless a law or treaty provides otherwise. People normally choose a primary-care facility or family doctor according to their place of residence, with a change generally permitted once per year. Patients have rights to health care, safe and quality treatment and confidentiality of personal health data. Paid care can be used in parallel, and medicine concessions depend on official state lists. Prevention includes health education, early detection, vaccination and maternal and child home visits. Officially reported 2023 coverage was 98% for DTP3, 99% for the second measles-containing vaccine dose, 98% for BCG and 98% for the third hepatitis B dose. HPV vaccination has been introduced for girls and boys. Antenatal and childbirth services show high skilled attendance, reported at 99.9%, although 6% of women did not receive antenatal care during the first trimester. Recent indicators report under-five mortality of 39 per 1,000 live births, infant mortality of 30 per 1,000 and neonatal mortality of 22 per 1,000. Home-visiting nurse capacity remains a gap, while oxygen plants opened in Ashgabat and Dashoguz maternal and child hospitals in 2024. Emergency First Aid Centers can be reached through 03. Chronic diseases account for about two-thirds of deaths according to WHO country dialogue material, but mortality data and risk-factor surveys remain incomplete. Tobacco control, chronic respiratory medicine access and integrated non-communicable disease services are not equally developed across all areas. Tuberculosis remains a priority, including drug-resistant tuberculosis; the national electronic TB-RRIS registry and the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory support follow-up. Mental-health services fall within the Ministry's formal mandate, and recent training has addressed depression, self-harm and suicide prevention, substance use and child and adolescent conditions. Service coverage and stigma data remain limited. Medicines are supplied through systems overseen by the Ministry and the Centre for Registration of Medicines and State Quality Control. The official medicine list helps identify authorized products, but national data on supply reliability, prices and access differences are limited. Medical spending outside the free package can be substantial: out-of-pocket payments were estimated at about 79% of current health expenditure in 2021, and around 30% of facilities were wholly or partly self-financing. Rural and remote access, workforce capacity, quality, medicine availability and follow-up for chronic, mental and infectious diseases therefore affect how easily a person can obtain continuing care. WHO notes that death registration is incomplete and cause-of-death data have only moderate quality, so modelled mortality and life-expectancy figures require caution.