School in Zambia

Zambia’s school system includes early childhood education, primary education and secondary education. Early childhood provision is called Early Childhood Care, Development and Education (ECCDE) or Early Childhood Education (ECE). Primary education is commonly described through Grades 1–7 in the legacy system, while the reform framework provides six primary years. Secondary education includes lower and upper stages and may be provided in basic schools, high schools, day schools or boarding schools. Public basic schools often combine primary education with lower secondary education. The structure is currently being implemented across overlapping frameworks. The 2023 Zambia Education Curriculum Framework describes three years of ECE, six years of primary education and six years of secondary education, including Advanced Level Forms 5 and 6. The National Education Policy 2025 describes four years of ECCDE, six years of primary education, four years of Ordinary Level secondary education and two years of Advanced Level education. Education Board documents from 2025 indicate concurrent implementation, so schools and official documents may use both Grade and Form terminology. The transition can affect cohort placement, school records and the names used for examinations. The official entry age for Grade 1 is six under the 2025 Education Sector Board documents. The 2024 documents used seven, and the reform reduced the stated entry age from seven to six. A child’s cohort and the applicable transition guidance can affect how a school applies the rule. Under section 17 of the Education Act, a parent must enroll a child at school-going age and ensure attendance. Schools are operated by the Government of the Republic of Zambia, grant-aided and faith-based organizations, private institutions and community providers. Zambia recorded 13,987 schools and 6,833,236 enrolled learners in 2025. The total included 706,049 learners in early childhood education, 4,694,940 in Grades 1–7, 703,893 in Form 1 to Grade 9 and 728,354 in Grades 10–12. The school network included 7,995 rural schools, 3,523 urban schools and 2,469 remote schools. Access therefore varies with distance, local capacity and the type of provider available. The Ministry of Education has not established a general national catchment rule for the whole country in the supplied national research. Placement can nevertheless become difficult in high-demand districts, especially at Form 1. Authorities may respond by adjusting capacity, upgrading primary schools or introducing double-session teaching. A private or international school may follow an alternative curriculum only with the relevant Ministry of Education authority. Schools using the Zambian Curriculum follow the national academic calendar set by the Minister of Education. The calendar determines the academic year and terms. International schools or institutions with another authorized curriculum may use a different calendar. Learners are expected to attend punctually, and corporal punishment has been abolished and prohibited in schools. The curriculum is competency-based. The Ministry’s Curriculum Development Directorate develops and reviews syllabi. English is the language of instruction under the 2023 reform, while code-switching is encouraged during foundation learning. Zambian Languages remain taught or available in the curriculum. Common subjects include English, Mathematics, Science, Social Sciences, Civic Education, Information and Communication Technology, Agriculture, Arts, Physical Education and Religious Education. Braille, Zambian Sign Languages and adapted special-needs modules support more inclusive teaching. Assessment combines school-based assessment with national examinations. The Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ) prepares and administers examinations, supervises and accredits examination centres, registers candidates and awards certificates. Current examination names include the Grade 7 Composite or Primary School Leaving examination, the Junior Secondary School Leaving Examination at Grade 9 and the School Certificate at Grade 12. The General Certificate of Education is available through an external examination pathway. Reform implementation may change secondary nomenclature toward Forms, and the 2023 curriculum does not provide automatic progression from Form 1 to Form 4. The Primary School Leaving examination normally supports transition into secondary education, while the Junior Secondary School Leaving Examination supports selection for upper secondary education. Zambia’s Free Education Policy is legally entrenched according to the Ministry of Education’s 2026 position. Public early childhood, primary and secondary schools do not charge user fees, and ECZ guidance states that public and grant-aided candidates do not pay examination fees. Private schools may publish their own charges. A 2024 private-school fee table listed K100 for Grade 7, K200 for the Junior Secondary School Leaving Examination and K600 for the Grade 12 examination. Private tuition and levies remain institution-dependent. Families may still need to budget for uniforms, books, transport and the cost of reaching a distant school. Support measures address food, affordability and access. The Home-Grown School Feeding Programme provides free meals in eligible schools. The Keeping Girls in School programme supports secondary girls and young women under 25 from Social Cash Transfer households. Its guidance also supports re-entry after pregnancy or childbirth, with up to two re-entries under the programme’s stated rules. Inclusion combines mainstream and special education, and private schools have accessibility duties. Community schools, Interactive Radio Centres, radio and television lessons, open learning, distance learning and e-learning provide alternatives for some out-of-school, displaced, street or working children and learners with disabilities. Non-formal provision also includes adult literacy, which remains distinct from the ordinary school pathway. The Ministry of Education sets national policy, licensing, standards, the calendar, curriculum and oversight for early childhood, primary and secondary education. Its directorates cover early childhood education, curriculum development, standards, assessment and evaluation. Provincial Education Offices and the District Education Board Secretary administer education at subnational level, while school boards and management handle local governance and attendance follow-up. ECZ manages examinations and certificates, and the Zambia Qualifications Authority verifies qualifications. A Grade 12 school certificate supports immediate transitions after school, but tertiary education and initial vocational education belong to separate education pathways.