Kukwereta zviri pamutemo muZimbabwe kunowanikwa kuburikidza nemabhanga, masangano ekuvaka dzimba, masangano emicrofinance anogamuchira mari uye masangano emicrofinance anokweretesa chete. Masangano emicrofinance anowanzopfupikiswa seMFIs. MFI inokweretesa chete inoda rezinesi reReserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) rinoshanda; RBZ inobudisa mazita eMFI akanyoreswa azvino. Kukwereta kusina kurongwa kumhuri, shamwari kana kumuchimbadzo, zvinoreva munhu anokweretesa mari zvisina kurongwa, kuchiri imwe nzira inokosha pakushandisa. Dziviriro yemutemo, magwaro, mutengo nenjodzi yekutorwa kwezvinhu zvinosiyana zvikuru pakati penzira idzi. Mukwereti anofanira kuenzanisa mari ichakweretwa, mari huru, maverengero emubereko, mari dzimwe, mazuva ekubhadhara, faindi, chibatiso, mari yose inotarisirwa kubhadharwa uye zvinoitika kana kubhadhara kukatadza. Mabhanga anofanira kupa mashoko akanyorwa ekuti mubereko unoverengwa sei, mari dzinobviswa, mitemo yechibvumirano nezvisungo zvemukwereti. Statements dzawo dzinofanira kuratidza mari huru, mubereko, mari dzakabhadharwa, chikwereti chasara nechiyero chegore, kazhinji pakupera kwemwedzi unotevera nguva imwe neimwe yemwedzi mitanhatu. MFIs dzinofanira kuburitsa mubereko, mitemo yekubhadhara, chibatiso nemari dzisiri mubereko; kana dzikakumbirwa, dzinofanira kupa statement yemari dzakabhadharwa, dzasara nechikwereti chasara. Mashoko emukweretesi ekuti mubereko uri pamwedzi oga oga haasi ega anoratidza mutengo wose wechikwereti. Hurongwa hwemari dzakawanda dzeZimbabwe hunoita kuti mari ichabhadharwa nechikwereti ive chinhu chinokosha pachisarudzo. ZiG nemari dzekunze imari dzinotenderwa, asi chikwereti chemari yekunze chinogona kunetsa kubhadhara kana mari yaunowana iri mune imwe mari. Kukweretesa nemari yekunze neMFI kunotevera mirayiridzo yeRBZ nezvinodiwa zvemvumo. Mukwereti anofanira kuchengeta chibvumirano chakasainwa, marisiti, account statements, zviziviso nemashoko ose ezvekuchinjwa kwehurongwa hwekubhadhara. Ruzivo rwechikwereti runochengetwa muCredit Registry nemakambani matatu akazvimirira anoongorora chikwereti. Rekodhi yetsvakurudzo yakataura marekodhi 24.4 miriyoni aitsvakwa musi wa30 Chikumi 2025; saka kunonoka kubhadhara kunogona kukanganisa kuwana zvikwereti mune ramangwana. Movable Property Security Interests Act neCollateral Registry zvinobvumira kuisa nekutsvaga zviziviso zvechibatiso chemidziyo yakaita semotokari, zvinhu zvemumba, zvirimwa, zvinhu zviri mudura, michina nezvipfuyo. Mari dzeRegistry muhurongwa hwakaburitswa dzaiva US$2 pachiziviso chekutanga, kugadziridza kana kukanzura kwemunhu; US$2 yeMFI inokweretesa chete; US$3 yeMFI inogamuchira mari; uye US$5 yeimwe sangano. Mari yakaenzana muZiG inoverengwa nechiyero chiripo. Mari yedare, yemutemo neyokutora zvinhu yakasiyana. Kukwereta kwemhuri hakungogumiri pazvikwereti zvemabhanga. FinScope Consumer Survey 2022 yakaratidza kuti 61% yevakuru havana chikwereti; mapoka akashumwa ekukwereta aisanganisira mhuri kana shamwari pa28%, kukwereta kusina kurongwa pa9%, zvigadzirwa zvemabhanga pa6% uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvepamutemo zvisiri zvemabhanga pa9%. Idzi nhamba dzenguva yekare dzinogona kupindirana maererano nechigadzirwa kana munhu. Zvinangwa zvekukwereta zvakashumwa zvaisanganisira mari yekurarama pa34%, njodzi dzisiri dzekurapwa pa17%, kurapwa pa17%, dzidzo pa13%, kurima pa6%, bhizinesi pa5% uye kubhadhara chimwe chikwereti pa3%. Kutya chikwereti kwakataurwa ne58%; kunetseka kuti munhu achakwanisa kubhadhara ne32%. Mhuri dzekumaruwa nevanhu vane mari inopinda zvisina kurongeka vanogona kumanikidzwa kubhadhara nokuti mari yavanowana nemari yavanoburitsa hazviuyi nenguva yakatarwa. Chikwereti cheMFI chinoda kunyatsoongororwa. Data yeRBZ ya30 Chikumi 2025 yakaratidza portfolio yeMFI yeZiG6.37 bhiriyoni uye chikamu cheportfolio-at-risk chinopfuura mazuva 30 che13.07%, zvichienzaniswa nechiyero chepasi rose chakataurwa che5%. MaMFI makuru 30 aive ne86.76% yeportfolio yakashumwa. Mbereko yakashumwa yaiwanzova 7% kusvika 15% pamwedzi; mimwe yaisvika 25% pamwedzi, uye kunonoka kubhadhara kwaigona kuunza mubereko wefaindi. RBZ yakaratidza zviitiko zvekubviswa kwemari yakawandisa nekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvevatengi pasina court order inodiwa; yakatora matanho ekugadzirisa pakutarisa kwayo. Mukwereti achiri nebasa rekutevera chibvumirano, kusakwereta kupfuura zvaanogona uye kuchengeta magwaro; asi kubviswa kwemari kana kutengeswa kwepfuma nemukweretesi zvinofanira kutevera mutemo nemirairo yedare. Moneylending and Rates of Interest Act inorambidza mukweretesi kutaura, kukumbira kana kutambira mari inopfuura mubereko wakatarwa; mubereko wakawandisa haugoni kudzoserwa. Tsvakurudzo yakaongororwa haina kusimbisa mubereko wakatarwa uri kushanda zvino, saka mukwereti anofanira kutarisa mubereko uri kushanda pane kuvimba nenhamba yekare. Mari yekudzosa chikwereti inogumirawo pamari inotenderwa nemutemo. Chibvumirano chinofanira kuongororwa kuti chionekese mutengo chaiwo, kuverengwa kwefaindi, mitemo yechibatiso nechikamu chinobvumira kubviswa pamuhoro kana imwe account. Kana muripo ukatadza, chikwereti chinogona kukura nekuda kwefaindi nedzimwe mari dzechibvumirano. Mukwereti anogona kukumbira hurongwa hutsva, kubhadhara kamwe chete kuti nyaya ipere kana imwe nzira yakanyorwa kubva kumukweretesi; asi tsvakurudzo yakaongororwa haina kuona sevhisi yepamutemo yakajairika yekurairwa nezvechikwereti kana sangano repakati rerubatsiro rwevatengi vane zvikwereti muZimbabwe. Mupi akanyoreswa anofanira kutanga agamuchira chichemo kuburikidza nemaitiro ake emukati. Kana chisina kugadziriswa, kukwidza nyaya kuRBZ, Consumer Protection Commission kana imwe nzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana yakaita sekutaurirana, kupindirana kana arbitrating kunogona kuitika. Kutongwa kunopa mutongo unosunga, paine kodzero yekukwidza. Rubatsiro rweLegal Aid Directorate runogona kuwanikwa pamagwaro edare, garnishee order, sequestration kana kusawirirana nebhangi kana MFI kana munhu asina mari yakakwana, aine chikonzero chinonzwisisika uye achizobatsirika nekuwana rubatsiro rwemutemo. Kutevedzwa kwechikwereti mudare kunoenderana nechikumbiro, dare nemuganhu wemari uri kushanda. Small Claims Court inogona kubata chikumbiro chine kusimbisa chikwereti chakasainwa; muganhu wakatsvakurudzwa iUS$1,000. Tsamba yekuda kubhadharwa inowanzodiwa mazuva manomwe musati mapihwa summons. Mutongo unogona kubvumira zvikamu zvekubhadhara. Kana munhu atongwa akatadza, mukweretesi anogona kukumbira writ of execution kana garnishee order. Garnishee order inobata mari inokweretwa munhu atongwa, yakaita semuhoro kana chimwe chikwereti, uye kutevedza kwacho kuri pasi pemitemo yedare nezvinhu zvisingabvumirwi kutorwa. Sheriff kana messenger anogona kupindira pakutora. Mukwereti haafaniri kufuratira summons, chiziviso chekutora pfuma kana chikumbiro chegarnishee nokuti court order inogona kukanganisa mari yaanowana kana pfuma. Kusakwanisa kwemunhu kubhadhara kunotongwa neInsolvency Act. Munhu kana partnership inogona kuendeswa kuHigh Court kuti estate yayo itorwe. Estate inotanga kuiswa kunaMaster yozopiwa trustee; nyaya dzehurumende nekutora pfuma zvinowanzomiswa, uye mukweretesi anoendesa chikumbiro chemari yakatarwa kumusangano wevakweretesi. Trustee anoongorora pfuma, zvikwereti nezvakakonzera kusakwanisa kubhadhara. Assignment by deed inoendesa estate kumuassignee, inogona kupa ruregerero pazvikwereti zvepamberi zvichienderana nechibvumirano uye inowanzomisa kutongwa. Chisungo chemunhu akavimbisa chikwereti chinoramba chiripo. Tsvakurudzo yakaongororwa haina kuona kubviswa kwechikwereti chevashandisi kunongoitika kana hurongwa hwakatarwa hwekubhadhara zvishoma nezvishoma; nguva nemari zvinoenderana nedare, chibatiso, trustee nebasa remutemo rinodiwa. Chikwereti chebhizinesi chine nzira yakasiyana yekugadzirisa. Pasi pePart XXIII yeInsolvency Act, kambani iri mudambudziko remari kana zvichida kuti haizokwanisi kubhadhara zvikwereti mumwedzi mitanhatu inotevera kana kuti ingangotadza kubhadhara mukati menguva iyoyo. Board inogona kutora sarudzo yekuzvidira, kana munhu abatwa nenhau yacho kukumbira High Court. Nyanzvi inotarisira kambani; kumiswa kwenguva pfupi kunogona kuderedza kutongwa; chirongwa chekununura chinogona kugadzirisa mashandiro, zvikwereti, zvisungo kana equity. Maitiro acho anowanzogara asingapfuuri mwedzi mitatu kunze kwekunge Court yawedzera. Kana pasina tariro inonzwisisika yekununura, kambani inogona kuvharwa. Commercial Division inobata kusawirirana kwekugadzirisa chikwereti chebhizinesi nekusakwanisa kubhadhara. Chikwereti chehurumende chiri munyaya imwe chete asi hachina mushonga mumwe chete nechikwereti chemhuri. Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and Investment Promotion neZimbabwe Public Debt Management Office (ZPDMO) zvinotarisira kukwereta kwehurumende, kuongorora kusimba kwechikwereti, zvirongwa nemiganhu yekukwereta yegore, kutaurirana nevakweretesi, zvivimbiso, zvisungo zvinogona kumuka, marejista emari yasara, hurongwa hwekugadzirisa, zvikwereti zvemasangano ehurumende nemakanzuru, mishumo yechikwereti nekuzivisa kuParamende. Nhamba yakadzama yaTreasury yechikwereti chemukati muna2024 yaiva US$8.279 bhiriyoni, kusanganisira US$4.745 bhiriyoni yezvibatiso zvehurumende, US$3.5 bhiriyoni yekubhadhara vaimbova varidzi vemapurazi uye US$34 miriyoni yezvikwereti kune vanopa masevhisi vemuno. Chiyero cheIMF chekusimba kwechikwereti chakanyora chikwereti chose chehurumende nezvakavimbiswa cheUS$23.194 bhiriyoni, kana 72.9% yeGDP, pakupera kwa2024; chaisanganisira US$16.745 bhiriyoni yechikwereti chekunze uye anenge US$7.4 bhiriyoni yezvisina kubhadharwa zvekunze. Nhamba idzi dzinoshandisa mapoka akasiyana uye hadzifaniri kuwedzerwa pamwe chete pasina kutarisa zvadzinobata. Arrears Clearance, Debt Relief and Restructuring Strategy (ACDRR) neStructured Dialogue Platform zvinobata chikwereti chehurumende nezvikwereti zvekunze zvisina kubhadharwa. Roadmap yaChikunguru 2025 yakataura nezvemari diki inobhadharwa kota yoga yoga kumasangano emari epasi rose nevakweretesi 16 veParis Club; yakaronga US$2.6 bhiriyoni yemari yekuvhara zvikwereti kuti ibhadharwe muchikamu chechina cha2026; uye yakaisa zvinangwa zvekugadzirisa zvikwereti zvepamutemo zvenyika mbiri nezvisiri zvepamutemo zvekutengeserana muchikamu chechitatu cha2027. Izvi zvirongwa nezvinangwa, kwete humbowo hwekuti chibvumirano chakapedzwa. Kugadzirisa chikwereti chehurumende hakubvisi chikwereti chemhuri, hakumisi kutorwa kwepfuma nevakweretesi vakazvimirira uye hakupi kodzero yekusunungurwa pachikwereti kune vatengi vose.
Chikwereti muZimbabwe
Chikwereti muZimbabwe imari kana chimwe chinhu chinofanira kupiwa nemukwereti, kubva pazvikwereti zvemhuri nekukwereta zvisina kurongwa kusvika pazvikwereti zvemabhizinesi nehurumende. Vanokweretesa vepamutemo vanosanganisira mabhanga, masangano ekuvaka dzimba, masangano emicrofinance anogamuchira mari uye anokweretesa chete. Mhuri, shamwari nevanokweretesa mari vasina kurongwa vanopawo zvikwereti. Kunonoka kubhadhara kunogona kuunza faindi, kutaurirana patsva, kutongwa kwedare, kutorwa kwezvinhu kana kubviswa kwemari pamuhoro. Kusakwanisa kwemunhu kubhadhara, kupa pfuma kuburikidza nechibvumirano uye kugadzirisa bhizinesi inzira dzemutemo dzakasiyana; chikwereti chehurumende chinotarisirwa chakasiyana nechikwereti chemhuri kana chebhizinesi.
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