Criminal law in Belgium

Belgian criminal law identifies offences and possible penalties or protective measures. A person may be punished only through the lawful criminal process. Offences vary in seriousness and nature. Examples include violence, theft, fraud, property damage, traffic offences, and certain public-order or regulatory violations. A case may begin with a complaint, police observation, report, or information from another authority. Police gather facts under the direction or supervision of the competent judicial authority. The public prosecutor, known as the openbaar ministerie or ministère public, represents the public interest. The prosecutor may investigate, request further action, bring a case forward, or use another lawful response. An investigating judge may direct certain more intrusive or complex investigations. This role is separate from the court that eventually decides guilt. A suspect has rights that include understanding the accusation, receiving legal assistance in important situations, and being treated as innocent unless guilt is lawfully established. The exact procedure depends on the stage and seriousness of the case. Victims can report offences, provide evidence, seek information, and sometimes claim compensation within or alongside criminal proceedings. Specialist support can help with safety and practical needs. Courts examine admissible evidence and hear the parties before deciding the case. Depending on the matter, review or appeal may be possible through the judicial system. Criminal proceedings can affect liberty, reputation, work, family life, and residence status. Anyone directly involved should preserve evidence, respect official instructions, and obtain appropriate advice.