Pre-primary education includes five years of nursery and two years of kindergarten. The final kindergarten year, called senior kindergarten, belongs to the compulsory 12-year sequence. The formal school path then consists of five years of primary school, three years of lower secondary school and three years of upper secondary school. Lower secondary school usually begins around age 12, upper secondary school around age 14, and completion occurs at approximately age 17. The Ministry of Education sets the national framework. Provincial, municipal and county People's Committees and local education institutions implement access and school provision. Local authorities are responsible for reaching children in remote mountain and island areas, including through branch schools or transport where available. The system has no documented regional school autonomy within this scope. The 2015 Education Law states that education is free. It covers admission, lessons, practical training, field trips and field investigations without fees, while state arrangements provide food, school supplies and daily necessities according to applicable rules. An OHCHR practice report from 2025 nevertheless describes families and pupils being asked to provide materials or contributions for school operations and teacher salaries. The exact burden is not reliably documented and can be especially difficult for households with limited income. The curriculum is centrally organized and includes dedicated ideological subjects as well as loyalty-focused content in areas such as language, history and music. Fieldwork can take place during school time. State reporting describes modernization and information-technology efforts, while independent reports describe continuing problems with electricity, internet access and school equipment. The Youth Education Guarantee Act dates from 2021, and the Socialist Patriotic Youth League is present from secondary school onward. Available nationwide statistics mainly come from the 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey and related United Nations analysis, so they should not be treated as a current measurement. The survey reported attendance of 72.7% among children aged 36 to 59 months, 97% attendance during the year before primary school, and 98.3% school readiness. Adjusted net attendance was estimated at 97% in primary school, 96% in lower secondary school and 95% in upper secondary school. The same analysis reported 100% primary completion and 99.9% completion of all 12 years, but newer independent verification is limited. Children with disabilities have a legal right to 12 years of free education. Education departments register pupils before the school year, normally during February and March before the April start. The stated preference is education in ordinary schools with other pupils, while special-needs schools, disability classes, deaf and blind schools and home-based curricula for some children with severe disabilities are also provided for. The Ministry of Education works with the Korean Federation for the Protection of Persons with Disabilities, but a planned 2023–2024 survey had no verified results in the available evidence. United Nations reporting describes barriers including long distances, missing assistive devices and stigma, with some children remaining at home. School conditions also differ by region. A UNICEF-cited estimate found adequate water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in about half of schools and in 62% of nursery facilities; these figures are old and fragmented. After upper secondary school, young people may enter work, military service or, in some cases, tertiary study. These paths are transitions from school rather than part of the school system itself.
School in North Korea
North Korea has a nationally organized school system with 12 years of universal compulsory education. Children normally enter primary school at age seven and progress through five years of primary school, three years of lower secondary school and three years of upper secondary school after one compulsory year of senior kindergarten. The school year runs from April to March, and the state legally provides education without fees, although independent reporting describes families being asked to provide materials or contributions in practice. Access, learning conditions and actual costs vary with location, household resources, disability and the availability of local facilities.
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