Umthetho womphakathi e-Eswatini

I-Eswatini ayinayo ikhodi eyodwa yomthetho womphakathi, irejista yomhlaba ehlanganisiwe noma inkantolo yomphakathi esebenza kuzo zonke izindaba. UMthethosisekelo ka-2005 ungumthetho ophakeme, kanti umthetho ojwayelekile wamaRoma namaDashi waqala ukusebenza kusukela mhla ka-22 kuFebruwari 1907; imithetho yengeza izimiso zezihloko ezithile. Umthetho wesintu wesiSwati nawo uyavunywa, ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, imithetho nemikhawulo efana nobulungisa bemvelo, isimilo nobuntu. IsiNgisi nesiSwati yizilimi ezisemthethweni, futhi amacala omphakathi ngokuvamile alalelwa obala yizinkantolo ezizimele eziqinisekisa ukulalelwa ngendlela efanele. Amandla nesimo sabantu emthethweni wangasese kulandela imithetho yomthetho ojwayelekile neyezimiso. Ukubhaliswa kokuzalwa, ukufa nomshado ngoMnyango Wezasekhaya nangesistimu ye-Civil Registration and Vital Statistics kunikeza amadokhumenti asetshenziswa ezindabeni zomndeni, zamafa, zokuthengiselana komhlaba nezimangalo zenkantolo. Ukubhalisa kwamanje kokuzalwa noma ukufa kungathatha cishe usuku olulodwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbili ngenqubo esemthethweni; ukubhalisa sekwephuzile kuthatha okungenani amasonto amathathu. Izingane zivikelwe uMthethosisekelo noma zizalwe emshadweni noma ngaphandle kwawo, kanti iChildren’s Protection and Welfare Act 2012 ihlanganisa ukunakekelwa, isondlo, ilungelo lokuhlala nengane, ukuvikelwa nezinqubo zeChildren’s Court. Izinkontileka ngokuvamile zidinga ukuvumelana, amandla omthetho, inhloso esemthethweni, ukucaca okwanele nokugcwaliseka. Ukwephula kungaholela emakhambini ancike esivumelwaneni nasezimweni. Kwezinye izinhlobo zokuthengiselana, ikakhulukazi eziphathelene nempahla engasuki, kudingeka amathuluzi abhaliwe, aqinisekiswe ngummeli noma abhaliswe. Amadokhumenti asayiniwe, amarekhodi omazisi, ubufakazi bokukhokha, amarekhodi okulethwa nezaziso zokwephula isivumelwano kuvame ukunquma ukuthi isimangalo singafakazelwa yini. Izindaba zabathengi nezomsebenzi zingahlangana nomthetho womphakathi kodwa ngokuyinhloko zingaphansi kwezindawo ezihlukene zokuvikelwa kwabathengi noma zomthetho wabasebenzi. Umhlaba unezimo ezimbili eziyinhloko zomthetho. ISwazi Nation Land, evame ukubizwa nge-SNL, iphethwe yiNgwenyama ngokwethembeka kuSwazi Nation futhi ivame ukutholwa ngezakhiwo zesintu ezifana nenduna, i-Umphakatsi noma i-Khonta. I-Title Deed Land (TDL) ngumhlaba ophethwe ngasese obhaliswe kuDeeds Registry. ILand Management Board ilawula amalungelo nezintshisekelo emhlabeni wasemadolobheni nowasemaphandleni; iDeeds Registry yona ibhalisa ukudluliselwa, izibopho zempahla yemali mboleko, ukuqasha nama-servitude. Kudingeka umthumeli nomthengi ekudluliseni amatayitela nakwamanye amathuluzi athile abhalisiwe. Kungase kukhokhwe intela yokudlulisa, izitembu, ukusesha irejista, izimali zehhovisi, ukuhlola inani nezindleko zobungcweti. Ingxabano yomhlaba ingadlula ezakhiweni zesintu, enkantolo ekhethekile noma enkantolo evamile, kuye ngobunikazi bomhlaba, abantu negunya. Izindaba zomndeni zingabandakanya umshado womphakathi noma wesintu. Imishado yomphakathi ilandela iMarriage Act 1964 nokubhaliswa ngesikhulu somshado; imishado yesintu inenqubo yayo esemthethweni yokubhalisa ehilela umakoti nomkhwenyana, ofakazi, omele induna nabanye ababamba iqhaza emcimbini odingekayo. Isimo samanje sezomthetho ngeminyaka nemikhawulo esemthethweni kufanele siqinisekiswe ngomthetho wakamuva osebenzayo. UMthethosisekelo uvikela imvume ephelele nekhululekile emshadweni futhi uhlinzeka ngempahla enengqondo yefa lomlingani osaphila emishadweni yomphakathi noma yesintu. Isehlukaniso, isondlo, ukuhlala kwengane, ukutholwa kwengane nobuqaphi kungabandakanya iHigh Court Family Division, iMagistrate Courts noma iChildren’s Court. Ama-protection order ngaphansi kweSexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act 2018 angamakhambi omphakathi, nakuba izindaba zobugebengu ezihlobene zingaphandle kwalesi sihloko. Amafa aphethwe ngaphansi kweWills Act 1955, Intestate Succession Act 1953 neAdministration of Estates Act 1902. IMaster of the High Court ibhalisa ama-will, iqoke futhi yengamele abaphathi bamafa, abagadi nabaphathi bempahla yabanye, futhi ivikele izingane nabakweletwayo. Isaziso sokufa kufanele sifakwe okungenani zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-14. I-will kufanele ilethwe ngokushesha, kanti uhlu lwempahla luvame ukudingeka phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-14 noma ezingu-30 kuye ngesimo sempahla yomshado. Izaziso zabakweletwayo zingahlala izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu, kanti i-akhawunti yokuhlakaza nokusabalalisa ingafakwa phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva kwezincwadi zokuphatha noma zokuphatha ifa. Ifa elilula livame ukuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-12, kanti izingxabano zithatha isikhathi eside. Umthetho wesintu wokulandelana kwefa ungasebenza uma kudingeka ukuthi ifa liphathwe noma lisatshalaliswe ngokwesintu sesizwe; ngakho isimo somshado, isimo sempahla nobudlelwano besintu kuthinta inqubo esebenzayo. Izimangalo ze-delict, ezifana ngokubanzi nezimangalo ze-tort, zisebenzisa imigomo yomthetho ojwayelekile wamaRoma namaDashi. Ofaka isimangalo ngokuvamile kufanele abonise ukuthi isenzo sasingalungile, ukuthi kube nephutha noma ubudedengu, ubudlelwano bembangela nokulahlekelwa; ikhambi elitholakalayo lincike emaqinisweni. Izinkantolo zingakhipha isinxephezelo, ukubuyiselwa kwempahla, umyalelo wokuvimbela noma omunye umyalelo ofanele. IMotor Vehicle Accidents Act 1991 yasungula iMotor Vehicle Accident Fund yokulimala komzimba noma ukufa okubangelwe ukushayela ngobudedengu noma okungekho emthethweni. Iminqamulajuqu yezimangalo, imikhawulo yesinxephezelo, ubufakazi namafomu kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kwamanje. Ukulimala emsebenzini kungokuyinhloko komthetho wabasebenzi. ISupreme Court iyinkantolo yokugcina yezikhalazo. IHigh Court ilalela amacala okuqala, okudluliswa nawokubuyekezwa omphakathi, amacala amalungelo oMthethosisekelo nezingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi zempahla, zomndeni nezamafa; iCommercial Court iyingxenye yeHigh Court yamacala ezohwebo. IMagistrate Courts ilalela amacala amaningi okuqala ezinkontileka, impahla, ukulimala komuntu, isondlo nokuhlala kwengane ngaphakathi kwamandla ayo. Imikhawulo yemali eshicilelwe iyangqubuzana: iPractice Directive 2/2011 ibala u-E30,000 ngegunya elifanele lomphakathi, nezibalo zika-E20,000 no-E10,000 emazingeni aphansi, kanti ikhasi lezinsizakalo leJudiciary likhuluma ngo-E300,000. Irejistra kufanele iqinisekise umkhawulo wamanje ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Isikhalo somphakathi esivela eMagistrate Court ngokuvamile sifakwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kwesinqumo noma ezingu-14 ngemva kokucelwa kwesinqumo esibhaliwe, kuye ngokuthi yisiphi isikhathi eside. ISmall Claims Court isingatha izimangalo ezifinyelela ku-E20,000 eziphathelene nemali, impahla egudlukayo, ukulethwa kwempahla engasuki, ukuxoshwa nokukhipha imali edokhumenti enenani eliqondile. Ngokuvamile kufanele kuthunyelwe isidingo esibhaliwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-14 ngaphambi kokuqala kwecala. Abantu bazimela ngokuvamile futhi izindleko zommeli azikhokhwa ngendlela evamile. Le nkantolo ayisingathi isehlukaniso, izindaba zamandla engqondo, ukwehlisa isithunzi, ukumangalela ngonya, imiyalelo yokuvimbela noma izimangalo ezibhekiswe kuhulumeni. Izinkantolo zesiSwati nezeZinduna zisebenzisa izinqubo zesintu futhi ikakhulukazi zisingatha amacala omphakathi abandakanya abantu abangamaSwati, ukuhlala kwendawo noma isizathu esenzeka endaweni. Igunya, ukudlulisa icala nemithetho yokudlulisa incike kumthetho ofanele nasohlelweni lwesintu. Ubufakazi obubuyekeziwe abuqinisekisi uhlelo losizo lwezomthetho lukahulumeni oluthembekile nolutholakala kubantu abaningi jikelele emacaleni omphakathi e-Eswatini. UMnyango Wezobulungiswa Nezindaba Zomthethosisekelo, iLaw Society, abameli abazimele, iUNESWA Legal Aid Clinic, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, iLegal Aid Unit yoMnyango, izinkundla zesintu nokuzimela kwabantu kunikeza izinhlobo ezihlukene zosizo. Isiqinisekiso soMthethosisekelo sokumelwa okuxhaswa nguhulumeni siqondiswe emacaleni obugebengu anesigwebo sentambo noma udilikajele, hhayi ezimangalweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile. Izinqubo zomphakathi zingabandakanya izimali zokufaka, zokudlulisa amaphepha, zenkantolo, zerejista, zomthumeli nomthengi, zommeli oqinisekisa amadokhumenti, zokuhlola inani, zokushicilela, zomphathi wefa nezomthetho. Isikhathi sincike esithangamini, kumarekhodi, emsebenzini werejista nasekutheni udaba luphikiswa yini. Isinqumo noma umyalelo uphoqelelwa ngezinqubo zenkantolo ezibandakanya iSheriff noma isithunywa senkantolo, ama-writ, ukubamba impahla, ukuyithengisa noma izindlela ezifana nokudonsa imali yomuntu wesithathu ngaphambi kokuyikhokha. Izinto zeSmall Claims Court zihlinzeka ngokusobala ngokuphoqelela isinqumo kumuntu okweletayo. Ukuphoqelela kweHigh Court kungase kuthinte iDeeds Registry, imithetho yobunikazi bomhlaba noma ukuphathwa kwefa; izinqumo zesintu zidinga inqubo efanele yomthetho noma yesintu yokuphoqelela. Amadokhumenti omazisi, amarekhodi okubhalisa, izinkontileka, ubufakazi betayitela noma bomhlaba wesintu, amarekhodi okukhokha nemiyalelo yenkantolo kufanele kugcinwe ngoba kuvame ukunquma ukufinyelela enqubweni efanele.