Izikweletu e-Eswatini

I-Consumer Credit Act (CCA) ka-2016, eyachitshiyelwa ngo-2021, ilawula ingxenye enkulu yobudlelwano bezikweletu phakathi kwabathengi nabahlinzeki bezikweletu e-Eswatini. Ngokuvamile ihlanganisa abantu ngabanye nezinkampani ezinemali engenayo efinyelela ku-E1 million. Abahlinzeki bezikweletu abanelayisensi kumele bahlole ukuthi umuntu angakwazi yini ukukhokha, kanti abathengi kumele badalule izibopho ezikhona, kuhlanganise nezikweletu zama-stokvel nababolekisi abangahlelekile. Isiqondiso se-Central Bank of Eswatini sisebenzisa isilinganiso sesikweletu nemali engenayo esingu-33%. Obolekayo kufanele athole imibhalo yezikweletu ebhalwe ngolimi olucacile, isizathu sokwenqatshelwa kwesikweletu, izimali ezivunyelwe kuphela, umbiko owodwa wesikweletu wamahhala ngonyaka, isitatimende sanyanga zonke, inani lokukhokha ngokuphelele nenketho yokunciphisa umkhawulo wesikweletu. Obolekayo angakhetha nomshwalense wempilo yesikweletu lapho kudingeka khona lowo mshwalense. I-Financial Services Regulatory Authority yengamela abahlinzeki bezikweletu abangewona amabhange, ama-credit bureau, abeluleki bezikweletu, ababolekisa ngezinto ezibanjisiwe, abaqoqi bezikweletu nama-ejenti okusabalalisa izinkokhelo. Uhlu lwayo lwango-2025 lwalunabahlinzeki bezikweletu abangaba ngu-94 ne-credit bureau eyodwa, i-TransUnion ITC Swaziland. Amabhange ngokuyinhloko angaphansi kwe-Central Bank of Eswatini, kuhlanganise ne-MCCP Unit yayo ne-Ombudsman. Ukuboleka okungahlelekile ngama-stokvel noma ababolekisi bemali ngokuxhaphaza kunganezela esikweletini esisemthethweni, kodwa akuhlinzeki ngamandla afanayo omthetho noma ukuvikelwa kwabathengi njengokuboleka okulawulwayo. Ukuba nezikweletu ezingaphezu kwamandla kusho ukuthi kungenzeka obolekayo angakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izibopho zezikweletu ngesikhathi ngemva kokucabangela imali engenayo, impahla, amathuba azayo, izibopho nomlando wokukhokha. I-CCA ivumela ukufaka isicelo kumeluleki wezikweletu onelayisensi ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuhlelwe kabusha izikweletu. Umeluleki uhlola isimo, azise abahlinzeki bezikweletu, ama-credit bureau ne-FSRA, bese exoxisana ngohlelo lokuzithandela. Isivumelwano esivunywa yibo bonke siyabophezela uma sesibhalwe phansi. Uma kungafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni, obolekayo angase adinge ukufaka isicelo enkantolo. Izinyathelo ezingase zisetshenziswe zihlanganisa ukwelula isikhathi sokukhokha, ukunciphisa izitolimende, ukuhlehlisa izinkokhelo, ukubala kabusha amanani noma ukumemezela ukuthi isikweletu sakhishwa ngokunganaki. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezikweletu, obolekayo ngokuvamile akakwazi ukuthatha isikweletu esisha noma ukuthola izindleko ezengeziwe, ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izikweletu ezivunyelwe. Umhlinzeki wesikweletu anganqamula ukuhlolwa ngemva kwezinsuku okungenani ezingu-60 kusukela esicelweni uma kungakafakwa cala enkantolo. Isicelo singavinjelwa uma isivumelwano sesivele siphoqelelwa noma uma obolekayo ekhethe isikweletu esibekwa kuqala. I-FSRA yabika ukuthi kwakungekho beluleki bezikweletu abanelayisensi embikweni wayo wekota yokuqala ka-2025, ngakho inqubo ebhalwe emthethweni kungenzeka yayingafinyeleleki ngaleso sikhathi. Imali yamanje nenkathi evamile yezimali zokwelulekwa ngezikweletu akuqinisekiswanga ocwaningweni olutholakalayo. Ngemva kokuphuthelwa yizinkokhelo, isaziso esibhaliwe sokungakhokhi kumele siphakamise ukudluliselwa kumeluleki wezikweletu noma ku-ombudsman ofanele. Ukuphoqelelwa yinkantolo kulawulwa yizikhathi ezincane ezisemthethweni, kuhlanganise okungenani izinsuku ezingu-20 zesikhathi sokungakhokhi nezinsuku okungenani ezingu-10 ngemva kwesaziso esidingekayo. Obolekayo ngokuvamile angasibuyisela esivumelwaneni ngaphambi kokusikhansela, ukuthengisa impahla noma ukukhipha impahla ngokusemthethweni ngokukhokha amanani adlulelwe yisikhathi nezindleko ezivunyelwe zokungakhokhi noma zokuthola impahla. Esikweletini sokuthenga ngokuqasha noma kwesinye isikweletu esivikelwe ngempahla, umthengi ngokuvamile angabuyisa izimpahla zingakapheli izinsuku ezinhlanu zokusebenza; umhlinzeki kumele akhiphe isaziso sokulinganisa inani zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-14, kanti umthengi unesikhathi sezinsuku ezingu-21 sokuhoxa. Umhlinzeki kumele afune intengo engcono kakhulu engatholakala ngokufanele, kodwa kusengafunwa kuye inani elisalele. Akuvunyelwe ukuhlukumeza umuntu ekhaya noma emsebenzini noma ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezinqatshelwe zokuqoqwa kwezikweletu. Isikhalazo kufanele siqale siye kumhlinzeki, bese siya ku-Central Bank Ombudsman uma isikhungo silawulwa yi-Central Bank, noma ku-FSRA uma umhlinzeki engelona ibhange. Obolekayo angakhokha isikweletu somthengi noma nini ngaphandle kwenhlawulo yokukhokha ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izindleko zokuqeda imali ebolekwe ngesibambiso sendlu ngaphambi kwesikhathi azivunyelwe. Ngemva kokukhokha, umhlinzeki kumele azise obolekayo ne-credit bureau zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-14 ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sesichibiyelo sango-2021. Ababoleki bangacela umbiko owodwa wesikweletu wamahhala ngonyaka futhi baphikise ulwazi olunganembile. Asikho isikhathi esinqunyiwe esiqinisekisiwe esenza isikweletu silungiseke ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukubekwa ngaphansi kokuphathwa yinkantolo ngenxa yokwehluleka ukukhokha ngokomthetho we-Insolvency Act 81 ka-1955 kuyinqubo ehlukile yokwehluleka ukukhokha, ephathwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme noMphathi weNkantolo Ephakeme; iNkantolo Yezohwebo iphatha ukuvuselelwa kwamabhizinisi namacala okuhluleka ukukhokha. Imithombo ebuyekeziwe ayibufakazeli ubukhona bohlelo olubanzi lokusula izikweletu zabathengi noma lokuqalisa kabusha izimali zabo. Izikweletu zomphakathi zihlukile ezindleleni zokuxazulula izikweletu zabathengi bemizi. I-Ministry of Finance ilawula ukuboleka kukahulumeni, idatha yezikweletu nokuqapha ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu ngaphansi kwe-Public Finance Management Act 2017, i-Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy nezinhlelo zokuboleka zonyaka. I-Central Bank isebenza njenge-ejenti yezimali ye-Treasury Bills nama-Government Bonds ngaphansi kwe-Treasury Bills and Government Stocks Act 1994, eyachitshiyelwa ngo-2010. Idatha ye-IMF ibeka izikweletu zomphakathi ku-39.2% womkhiqizo wasekhaya ophelele ngo-2024, ibikezela u-42.8% ngo-2025 nokuzinza esikhathini esimaphakathi cishe ku-42.8% ngo-2031. Izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe, ukwehla kwemali engenayo ye-Southern African Customs Union, ukuxhaswa ngezimali okubizayo nokukhuphuka kwenkokhelo yezikweletu kudala ingcindezi yezimali zikahulumeni. Isikweletu senkampani singaholela ekuvuselelweni kwebhizinisi noma ekuhlulekeni ukukhokha ngeNkantolo Yezohwebo, kuyilapho izikweletu zemizi zisaxhumene kakhulu nezimalimboleko ezingavikelwe; i-Central Bank yabika ukuthi izikweletu zemizi zazingu-74.3% ngo-2024/25, zehla zisuka ku-79.1%, kanye nokuchayeka ekuhlulekeni ukukhokha imali yezindlu nezimalimboleko ezingasebenzi kahle.