Criminal law in Lebanon

Lebanese criminal law identifies conduct treated as an offence and the possible legal consequences. Its framework includes the Penal Code, criminal procedure rules, special laws, and court decisions. Offences are commonly organized by seriousness, with different courts and procedures applying to different categories. The exact legal classification depends on the facts and not only on the everyday name given to the event. A case may begin with a complaint, a police report, an official investigation, or information received by a prosecutor. The public prosecution, often called النيابة العامة or parquet, directs or supervises important parts of the criminal process. Police and other security bodies may gather statements, documents, objects, recordings, and forensic evidence. An investigating judge may conduct a more formal judicial investigation in cases that require it. An accused person is presumed innocent unless guilt is established through the legal process. Access to a lawyer, understanding the accusation, and using available procedural protections are especially important during questioning and detention. After investigation, a case may be closed, referred onward, or brought before the competent criminal court. The court examines admissible evidence, hears the parties, and decides whether the charge is proved and what consequence follows. Possible outcomes include acquittal, imprisonment, a fine, another criminal measure, or a combination allowed by law. Some cases also involve a victim’s claim for financial compensation within or alongside the criminal proceedings. Lebanon has ordinary criminal courts as well as special jurisdictions for certain matters or persons. The competent authority, review route, and practical process therefore depend on the alleged offence and the parties involved.