Transport in Namibia

The Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT) sets national policy and regulates road, rail, air and sea transport. The Roads Authority (RA) manages the national road network, which covers about 48,537.7 kilometres: 8,400 kilometres of bitumen roads, 26,024 kilometres of gravel roads, 13,773.8 kilometres of earth roads and 330.1 kilometres of salt roads. The Transportation Commission of Namibia (TCN) is a statutory transport advisory body. Local authorities manage urban public transport, while NaTIS handles vehicle and driver licensing services. In Windhoek, municipal buses, formal taxi ranks and taxi stops provide the main public transport services. The City of Windhoek Public Transport Division publishes bus information, offers bus hire and manages smartcards. A smartcard application requires identification; the first card is free and the maximum stored balance is N$2,000. The published fare is N$8.50 with a smartcard and N$9.50 in cash. Published peak departures include 05:30, 13:30, 15:30, 16:30 and 17:30. Service outside Windhoek is more fragmented, and no single nationwide fare table, timetable or integrated ticketing system has been evidenced. Taxi, minibus and bus access depends on the provider, service area and applicable permits. TransNamib StarLine provides daily passenger rail between Windhoek and major rail-connected towns. Economy and Business services offer reclining seats, air conditioning, refreshments and Wi-Fi where available. Rail is generally slower than air travel, and passengers should confirm current times and ticket availability directly with TransNamib. The rail network mainly serves freight and logistics. Proposed commuter rail between Windhoek and Rehoboth and the planned or feasibility-stage 210-kilometre Walvis Bay–Kranzberg upgrade are not evidence of a live commuter service. Driving requires a valid licence and a registered, licensed and roadworthy vehicle. NaTIS lists a learner licence application fee of N$45 and an issue fee of N$50. The minimum ages are 16 for Code 1 A/A1, 17 for Code 2 B/BE and 18 for Code 3 C1/C/CE1/CE. A driving-licence renewal costs N$250, while Professional Authorization costs N$360. Drivers over 65 require a medical certificate. A roadworthy booking costs N$150 and the certificate costs N$100. Passenger-for-reward services, domestic and cross-border transport and abnormal loads can require additional permits. An abnormal load exceeds 18.5 metres in length, 2.6 metres in width or 4.3 metres in height. Weighbridge controls focus on minibuses, buses, goods vehicles and vehicles over 3.5 tonnes; overloading can create safety and infrastructure risks and may require correction or a fine before continuing. The Road Traffic and Transport Act 22 of 1999 and the Road Traffic and Transport Regulations of 2001 provide the main road rules. Unless a sign sets a lower limit, the general limits are 60 km/h in urban areas, 100 km/h outside urban areas on non-freeways and 120 km/h on freeways. Road safety has a substantial practical effect on travel: the MVA Fund reported 2,630 crashes, 4,271 injuries and 412 fatalities from January to September 2025, with pedestrians the most affected group in its report. Non-Motorised Transport (NMT) means travel such as walking, cycling, skating and using a manual wheelchair. Windhoek has an NMT Strategy and selected pedestrian crossings and pedestrian rails on major roads, but Namibia does not have a continuous nationwide cycling network. Rural NMT also includes animal-drawn carts. Walking and cycling are generally open and free, but safety and infrastructure quality differ sharply by area. For long-distance travel, major road corridors include the Trans-Kalahari, Walvis Bay–Ndola–Lubumbashi, Trans-Cunene and Trans-Oranje corridors. The Namibia Airports Company operates eight airports: Hosea Kutako International, Eros, Walvis Bay International, Ondangwa, Katima Mulilo, Keetmanshoop, Lüderitz and Rundu. Hosea Kutako International Airport is Namibia's main international gateway, about 45 kilometres east of Windhoek. The Namibia Civil Aviation Authority regulates aviation safety, security, air navigation and licensing. Namport manages Walvis Bay and Lüderitz mainly for cargo and logistics; ordinary domestic passenger sea transport or ferry services have not been evidenced. Transport affects air quality, fuel use, road dust, noise and land and infrastructure use. The reviewed evidence does not provide a national transport-only emissions figure. The Namibia Airports Company has an environmental sustainability strategy and Airport Carbon Accreditation focus, while proposed rail improvements consider emissions reduction, climate resilience, life-cycle impacts and recycling. For cross-border travel, passengers should check identity documents, provider requirements, permits and border conditions before departure.