The 2022 Census treated a person aged 15 or over as unemployed when the person had no work in the reference week, had actively looked for work or tried to start a business during the previous month, and could start within two weeks. It counted 9,000 unemployed people and an unemployment rate of 2.9%, with 2.7% for men and 3.0% for women. Among people aged 15 to 24, the rate was 5.0% for men and 5.5% for women. The labour-force participation rate was 35.9%, while 560,300 people were outside the labour force. The 2021 Labour Force Survey used a different basis: no work during the previous seven days, current availability and active job search. It recorded 12,700 unemployed people and a rate of 5.1%, with 5.9% for women and 4.6% for men. The rate for people aged 15 to 24 was 9.6%, 7.0% in rural areas and 9.0% in survey Region 3. Labour underutilization reached 28.9%. These figures should not be compared as a single trend because the reference periods and definitions differ. The latest official national indicators identified in the reviewed sources were the 2022 Census and 2021 Labour Force Survey; no newer national official unemployment survey was found in that review. A low headline unemployment rate does not show the whole employment situation. In 2021, informal employment accounted for 77.3% of employment, while self-employed people and contributing family workers together accounted for 50.3%. Short-term work, unpaid household-based activity, limited social protection, discouragement and leaving the labour force can therefore affect household income without appearing as registered unemployment. SEFOPE, the Secretariat of State for Vocational Training and Employment, operates as the public employment service through 14 municipal offices and employment counsellors. A jobseeker can create an account on SIMU-Web, add a profile and CV, search vacancies and submit applications. SEFOPE offices can assist with registration, job matching and labour-market information. SIMU-Web also lists training and entrepreneurship opportunities. The reviewed sources found no general unemployment registration requirement, recurring reporting duty, activation duty, sanction regime, statutory job-search quota or portal fee. Access to these services does not create an entitlement to cash support. Timor-Leste has no documented unemployment branch in its current contributory social-security protection. INSS covers contributory social-security administration and lists old-age, invalidity, parental and death protections, but not an unemployment payment. Formal employment contributions total 10% of the contribution basis, divided into 4% for the worker and 6% for the employer; this scheme protects statutory social-security rights rather than replacing income after job loss. An unemployed worker may continue contributions through the optional INSS scheme when the worker has at least three years of contributions, is a national or foreign resident covered by the scheme and is fit for work. The applicant chooses one of 20 contribution bands, submits the form and a medical fitness certificate from the Disability Verification Service or the National Health Service, and a national applicant provides at least two identity documents. The self-paid contribution is 10% of the selected basis. The first band equals twice the Social Pension; with the current Social Pension value of $60, the minimum contribution is $12 per month. This option preserves contributory continuity but provides no unemployment payout, replacement rate, waiting period, maximum duration or job-search condition. The non-contributory social pension concerns old-age or invalidity protection for vulnerable people and is not an unemployment benefit. Eligibility and combination rules are separate, so losing work does not automatically create access. Other documented responses include SEFOPE counselling and job matching, SIMU-Web vacancies, referrals to training or entrepreneurship programmes, youth or project pathways such as YEES and YIP when programme capacity exists, and informal own-account, contributing-family or subsistence activities. These alternatives can bridge income or support re-entry, but they do not provide universal unemployment-insurance protection. Municipal SEFOPE offices can help where digital access, location or other barriers make online registration difficult.
Unemployment in Timor-Leste
Unemployment in Timor-Leste describes having no paid work, actively seeking work or preparing to start a business, and being available to work. The 2022 Census counted 9,000 unemployed people aged 15 and over and recorded an unemployment rate of 2.9%; the 2021 Labour Force Survey recorded 12,700 people and a rate of 5.1%, using a different reference period and definition. Timor-Leste has no direct unemployment insurance or universal unemployment cash benefit. Job matching through SEFOPE and SIMU-Web, optional INSS contributions, social protection based on vulnerability and informal or self-employed work provide different forms of support.
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