Professions in Zambia

Zambia has no single register covering every profession. Sector regulators and professional bodies oversee specific occupations, while the Zambia Qualifications Authority (ZAQA) manages the National Qualifications Framework, qualification verification and evaluation, occupational standards and recognition of prior learning. The Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) oversees vocational institutions, curricula, apprenticeships and trade testing. The Higher Education Authority (HEA) covers higher-education accreditation. Examples of professional regulators include the Teaching Council of Zambia, Health Professions Council of Zambia, Nursing and Midwifery Council of Zambia, Engineering Institution of Zambia, Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants and the bodies responsible for legal practice. The main occupational groups include agriculture, forestry and fisheries; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; construction and related trades; wholesale, retail and motor repair; transport and storage; education; health and social work; information and communication technology; finance and insurance; legal work; engineering and design; and public administration and professional, scientific and technical services. In the 2024 Labour Force Survey, service and sales workers accounted for 30.6% of employment, skilled agriculture, forestry and fisheries workers for 20.9%, elementary occupations for 17.3%, craft and related trades for 9.5%, professionals for 7.8%, plant and machine operators for 6.3%, technicians and associate professionals for 3.9%, clerical workers for 2.0% and managers for 1.0%. Agriculture, forestry and fishing represented 28.0% of industry employment, while wholesale, retail and motor repair represented 23.9%. Access commonly begins with Grade 12 or O-level education, followed by accredited technical, vocational or higher education. Apprenticeships and learnerships combine training at a college or training centre with workplace practice under a legally governed agreement. A trade test can certify practical skills acquired through work. Recognition of prior learning, or RPL, allows ZAQA to assess existing skills and qualifications for formal recognition. The National Qualifications Framework has 10 levels across general education, trades and occupations and higher education; trades and occupations commonly fall between Levels 3 and 6, while higher education commonly covers Levels 7 to 10. Credit transfer and RPL can support progression. Regulated work has additional requirements. A practising certificate or licence is official permission to practise after registration and any required assessment. Health practitioners need the relevant registration, supervised or provisional practice where applicable, a full registration stage and an annual practising licence. Nurses and midwives also face indexing, competence examinations, scope-of-practice rules, continuing professional development and conduct controls. Teachers need Teaching Council registration and a practising certificate; Ministry of Education recruitment generally requires an accredited teacher-training qualification, commonly a three-year diploma or four-year degree. Engineering practice requires EIZ registration and a valid practising licence for engineers, technologists, technicians, craftspersons and relevant organisations. Accountancy through ZiCA includes student registration, staged examinations and three years of compulsory practical training. Legal practice normally requires an HEA-registered and ZAQA-recognised law degree, one year at the Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education, the Legal Practitioners Qualifying Examination, admission to the Zambian Bar, inclusion on the Roll and a valid practising certificate. In 2024, 68.3% of employed people worked in the informal economy and 31.7% in the formal economy. Informality was especially high among skilled agriculture, forestry and fisheries workers, at 96.4%, while it was much lower among professionals, at 3.7%. Informal trades often rely on skills and experience, but TEVETA trade testing and RPL can provide formal recognition. Agriculture is especially dominant in rural areas, where its employment share was 84.7%; mining accounted for 49.5% of employment on the Copperbelt and 23.7% in North-Western Province. Eastern Province had an informal employment share of 83.2%, compared with 55.6% in Lusaka. Working conditions differ by occupation and location. Agriculture, mining and construction may involve outdoor work, physical demands, seasonal activity and higher health and safety risks. Health, education, law, finance and information technology are more often based in institutions, offices or shifts. Average monthly paid earnings were K6,467 in 2024, with an average of K4,617 in rural areas and K7,282 in urban areas; an individual occupation can differ substantially. The Employment Code Act governs written contracts for employment lasting more than six months, wage protection, non-discrimination, welfare, grievances and termination. The Occupational Health and Safety Act places risk-control, protective-equipment, medical and incident-reporting duties on employers, while workers must follow lawful safety instructions and practise within their competence. Fees and timing depend on the occupation and responsible body. ZAQA qualification verification starts at K50, while registration, examinations, licences, continuing professional development and membership fees vary by sector. Current amounts and deadlines should be confirmed with the relevant regulator. A career may progress from trade testing or learnership to craftsperson, technician, technologist and professional work, or from supervised registration to full registration, specialist practice, management or consultancy. Self-employment and small businesses are also common ways to practise, especially in trades and other informal activities.