Mhuri muZimbabwe

Mhuri dzomuZimbabwe dzine avhareji yevanhu 3.9, uye 39.3% dzinotungamirirwa nevakadzi. Mhando dzemhuri dzinosanganisira dzine vabereki vakabereka vana, mhuri dzakakura, dzinotungamirirwa nevakwegura kana vana uye kutarisirwa kunoitwa nehama. Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey ya2023–24 yakawana kuti 24.6% yevana vari pasi pemakore 18 havagari nemubereki wavakaberekwa naye; mumaguta chikamu chacho 17.1%, mumaruwa 28.3%. Vamwe 9.6% vakafirwa nemubereki mumwe chete kana vose. Mumhuri dzine nherera kana vana vasingagari nemubereki wavakaberekwa naye, mwana anowanzogara nenhengo yemhuri. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ya2019 yakanyora 58.9% yevana vakadaro mumhuri inotungamirirwa nenhengo yemhuri uye 38.7% mumhuri inotungamirirwa neimwe hama. Kinship care zvinoreva kuti hama dzinotarisira mwana zuva nezuva; kutarisirwa mumhuri kunowanzosarudzwa kana kuchigona kuchengetedza mwana. Chikamu 25 cheBumbiro remitemo chinoda kuti Hurumende idzivirire nekusimudzira mhuri uye itarisire nokubatsira vanaamai, vanababa nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri dzine vana. Chikamu 26 chinodzivirira mvumo yakasununguka uye yakakwana yokuroorana, kodzero nemabasa akaenzana evakaroorana uye zvinodiwa nevana nevakaroorana kana muchato wapera kana mumwe afa. Bumbiro rinopa vanhu vakuru vane makore 18 zvichikwira kodzero yokutanga mhuri vasingamanikidzwi, asi muchato wevanhu vane murume kana mukadzi mumwe chete hauvumirwi pasi pechikamu 78. Chikamu 80 chinopa vakadzi kodzero dzakaenzana dzokuchengeta vana nedzokuchengeta zviri pamutemo. Mwana munhu ari pasi pemakore 18 uye ane kodzero dzebumbiro kuzita nezita remhuri, kunyoreswa kokuberekwa nokukurumidza, kutarisirwa nemhuri kana nevamwe vakakodzera, kudzivirirwa, dzidzo, utano, kudya kunovaka muviri nepekugara. Zvinonyanya kukosha zvomwana zvinofanira kutanga kufungwa, uye High Court ndiyo muchengeti mukuru wevana. Vanhu vane makore anodarika 70 vane chikumbiro chebumbiro chokubatsirwa nemhuri neHurumende; vanhu vakaremara vane kodzero kuupenyu hwemhuri, kudzivirirwa, kurapwa nerutsigiro. Marriages Act 2022 yakatanga kushanda musi wa16 Gunyana 2022. Muchato wehurumende ndewewanano yemunhu mumwe chete. Muchato wetsika unogona kuva nemukana wokuti munhu ave nevakawanda kana kuti angave nevakawanda, uye munhu haagoni kuva nomuchato wemutemo mukuru nemuchato wetsika panguva imwe chete. Michato yakanyoreswa inocherechedzwa zvakaenzana pamutemo. Zvichienderana nenzira yacho, mukuru anoroorisa angava magistrate, mushumiri wechitendero kana sabhuku. Muchato unoda mvumo yakasununguka uye yakakwana yevaviri. Kuroodzwa kwevana, kupfimbana kana kuvimbiswa kuroorwa kwemunhu ari pasi pemakore 18 zvinorambidzwa; kutyora mutemo kunogona kurangwa nokugara mujeri kusvika kumakore mashanu. Muchato wetsika unoitwa mudunhu rakakodzera, paine zvapupu zviviri zvemhuri uye kubvunza nezvelobola kana roora, muripo wechivanhu womuchato. Muchato wetsika usina kunyoreswa unofanira kunyoreswa mukati memwedzi mitatu; kusanyoresa hakubvisi simba rawo maererano nechinzvimbo, guardianship, kodzero dzokuchengeta kana dzekugara nhaka dzevana. Civil partnership ukama hwemumba hwemurume nomukadzi vasina kuroorana vane makore 18 zvichikwira. Haisi muchato, asi mutemo unogona kutarisa nyaya dzacho kana ukama hwacho hwapera. Kunyoreswa kwemichato kuchiri kushoma. Pakati pevakadzi vane makore 15 kusvika 49 vaiva muukama, 9.4% vakati vaiva nomuchato wakanyoreswa; mumaguta vaiva 15.7%, mumaruwa 4.3%. Avhareji yezera rokuroorwa kekutanga yaiva 19.4 kuvakadzi uye 24.9 kuvarume vane makore 25 kusvika 49. Vanenge 10% yevakadzi vakataura kuti vaiva nomudzimai pamwe chete naye mumwe kana kupfuura; mumaruwa vaiva 13%, mumaguta 5%. Mari yazvino yokunyoresa inofanira kusimbiswa kuhofisi ine basa racho nokuti tsvakurudzo iripo haina mari yazvino; gwaro rekare rokunyoresa vanhu rinotaura mari yepamutemo asi harisimbisi hurongwa hwemari hwazvino. Kuva mubereki nokuronga mhuri zvimwewo zvo upenyu hwemhuri. Avhareji yokubereka vana ndeyevana 3.9 pamukadzi; mumaguta 3.1, mumaruwa 4.6. Avhareji yezera rokusununguka mwana wokutanga yevakadzi vane makore 25 kusvika 49 ndeye20.1. Pavakadzi vane makore 15 kusvika 19, 23% vakambova nepamuviri uye 17% vakambobereka mwana mupenyu. Zvikamu zvipfumbamwe kubva muzana zvevakadzi vakaroorwa zvine chido chisina kuzadzikiswa chokuronga mhuri, uye 4% vakataura kumanikidzwa kubata pamuviri. Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme yeMinistry of Health inopa hurongwa hwehurumende hwokuronga mhuri. Kunyoresa kuberekwa kunodiwa nemutemo pasi peBirths and Deaths Registration Act. Kuzivisa kuberekwa kunofanira kuitwa mukati memazuva 42. Baba kana amai, munhu anotarisira nzvimbo yakaberekerwa mwana, vashandi vezveutano, sabhuku, chapupu chakura kana mumwe munhu anotarisira mwana vanogona kupa mashoko acho. Department of the Registrar General iri muMinistry of Home Affairs ndiyo ine basa, uye kunyoresa kunowanikwa kuhofisi yomunyori wevanhu kana pane dzimwe nguva kuchipatara kana kunzvimbo youtano. Ongororo ya2023–24 yakawana kuti 56.6% yevana vari pasi pemakore mashanu vakanga vakanyoresa kuberekwa; 42.8% vaiva negwaro rokuberekwa, uye 13.7% vakanga vakanyoreswa vasina gwaro racho. Kunyoresa kwaiva 64.8% mumaguta ne52.2% mumaruwa. Gwaro rekare rokunyoresa vanhu rinotaura kuti kunyoresa kana gwaro hakuna muripo uye kuti muripo unogona kuregererwa, asi mari yazvino inofanira kusimbiswa. Gwaro rokuberekwa rinogona kudiwa pazvitupa zvokuzivikanwa, kufamba, dzidzo, kuvhota, nhaka nerubatsiro rwevanhu. Kunyoresa rufu kunodiwawo nemutemo. Kuzivisa kunowanzodiwa mukati memazuva 30. Hama yakura, munhu anotarisira nzvimbo yakafira munhu, headman, sabhuku, councillor kana mumwe anobvumirwa anogona kuzivisa rufu. Mumaruwa mutungamiriri wetsika anogona kuzivisa vakuru mushure morufu rwepanyama. Department of the Registrar General ndiyo inobudisa gwaro, rinogona kudiwa panhaka, kutarisira pfuma, muridzi nezvinhu zveinishuwarenzi. Gwaro rekunyoresa vanhu riripo rinoti hapana muripo, asi mashoko emuripo anobva muna2016–17 uye haafaniri kutorwa sehurongwa hwazvino. Vabereki nevachengeti ndivo vane basa rokuchengeta, kutungamirira, utano, dzidzo nepekugara pasi peChildren's Act neChildren's Amendment Act 2023. Kuregeredza, kushungurudza, kusiya mwana, basa rine njodzi kuvana, kushaya hanya uye kutadza kupa rutsigiro rwokuremara zvinogona kuita kuti pave nekuchengetedzwa kwemwana. Department of Social Development iri muMinistry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare inoronga mabasa kuburikidza neNational Case Management System. Child Protection Officers, probation services, Child Protection Committees, Community Childcare Workers, zvirongwa zvokurera vana nemabasa anocherechedza HIV nokuremara zvinogona kubatsira mhuri. Mabasa okuziva munhu, magwaro, kutsvaga hama nokubatanidzazve anogona kubatsira kudzosa kutarisirwa kwakachengeteka kwemhuri. Kutora mwana zviri pamutemo kazhinji hakuna kukodzera kana mwana aine ukama hwepedyo hunoshanda nemhuri; guardianship inogona kuchengetedza ukama hwake nehama zviri nani. Foster care kutarisirwa kwenguva pfupi nomumwe mhuri panguva yenjodzi mumhuri yakabereka mwana. Munhu anokumbira anonyorera kuDistrict Social Development Office, anoongororwa nezveupenyu hwake, anopa vanhu vatatu vanomutsigira, anoongororwa nemapurisa uye anoiswa muFoster Care Register. Child Protection Officer anoendesa nyaya yokuisa mwana kudare. Foster-care order inogona kugara kusvika kumakore matatu yozodzokororwa. Mari ye foster care inotarisirwa neDistrict Social Development Office, asi tsvakurudzo iripo haitauri mari yazvino. Adoption inoendesa kodzero nemabasa okuva mubereki zvachose. Mirayiridzo yeMinistry inowanzoda kuti munhu anotora mwana ave nemakore 25 kana kupfuura, mukuru nomwana nemakore 21 kana kupfuura, mugari weZimbabwe, aongororwe zvoutano uye awane mvumo yevabereki, vachengeti nomurume kana mudzimai zvinodiwa. Munhu ari oga murume haagoni kutora mwana musikana mudiki pasi pemirayiridzo yakataurwa. High Court ine simba rakakodzera, asi tsvakurudzo iripo haisimbisi mari yazvino kana nguva yokugadzirisa. Hama, munhu anotova nemwana mumaoko kana probation officer anogona kukumbira guardianship kuChildren's Court kana muchengeti womuzvarirwo asipo kana asingakwanisi kuchengetedza mwana. Dare rinotarisa kugara zvakanaka nezvinonyanya kukosha zvomwana. Chiziviso chinowanzopiwa mazuva 7 kusvika 30 asati apera, uye High Court inogona kuongorora order pasi pebasa rayo rokuva muchengeti mukuru. Vakadzi vane kodzero dzebumbiro dzakaenzana dzokuchengeta nekuchengeta vana zviri pamutemo. Dzimwe mhuri dziri munjodzi dzingakodzera zvirongwa zvokutsigirwa kwevanhu. Harmonised Social Cash Transfer inoitwa kuburikidza neZimLAC nePoverty Atlas mumatunhu akasarudzwa ane urombo hwakanyanya. Inotarisa mhuri dzinogona kusanganisira dzine munhu anorwara kwenguva refu, mutungamiriri akwegura, mutungamiriri ari mwana, munhu akaremara kana vanhu vakawanda vanovimba nevashoma. Kunyoresa kwomuno nedunhu kunodiwa, asi tsvakurudzo iripo haitauri mari yazvino yerubatsiro kana nguva yokubhadhara. Basic Education Assistance Module, yakatangwa muna2002, inogona kuregerera mari yechikoro, levies, bvunzo nepekugara muzvikoro zvinokosha. Inotarisira vana vari mumhuri dzinotungamirirwa nevana, vana vakatarisana nekushomeka kwevashandi kana nherera, vana vasiri kuchikoro nokuda kwemari, vana vanogara kana kushanda mumugwagwa uye vana vane muchengeti asingagoni kuvatarisira. Nharaunda dzinosarudza nyaya, kusarudzwa kwegore negore kunosanganisira District Schools Inspector neDistrict Social Development Officer, uye kugadzirisa kunoitwa mupurovhinzi. Nhamba yefoni yerubatsiro yeMinistry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare ndeye1980. Domestic Violence Act inobata vakaroorana varipo, vekare kana vakaparadzana, vana vakaberekwa, vakatorwa kana vokurera, vanogara pamwe uye vanhu vari muukama hwepedyo. Mupurisa, mushandi wezvemagariro, mushandirwi, sangano rechitendero, sangano rokuzvidira, hama, muvakidzani, waunoshanda naye kana counsellor anogona kumiririra kana kubatsira ari kunyunyuta. Chikumbiro cheprotection order chinogona kuitwa nomunhu ari kunyunyuta, mumiririri kana muchengeti pachiteshi chemapurisa, kusanganisira chikamu chezvemhirizhonga yemumba, chinobatsira vakuvadzwa kana nyaya dzemhuri. Dare rinofanira kugamuchira chikumbiro mukati memaawa 48. Order inogona kurayira munhu akaita mhirizhonga kuti asaswedere kana kurega kutaura uye inogona kuronga pekugara, kurapwa, mari yechimbichimbi, zvinodiwa mumba, mari yechikoro, rendi, kutarisirwa kwechinguvana nekupangwa mazano. Kutyora order kunogona kurangwa nokugara mujeri kusvika kumakore mashanu. Zimbabwe Republic Police Victim Friendly Unit coordinators vanowanikwa pachiteshi chemapurisa chega chega. Ministry of Women Affairs One Stop Centres dzakanyorwa zviri pamutemo muHarare, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland West, Midlands, Bulawayo, Matabeleland South neManicaland, asi kuwanikwa kwakazara munyika yose hakuna kusimbiswa. Kuparadzana, kurambana nerutsigiro zvinobatwa nenzira dzemitemo dzakasiyana. Pasi peMatrimonial Causes Act, matare anogona kubata kurambana, kuparadzana, kushaya simba kwemuchato, kuchengetwa kwevana, mari yokuchengeta mwana kana mukwanyina uye pfuma yemhuri. Dare rinotarisa mari, pfuma, zviwanikwa, zvinodiwa, mararamiro emhuri, dzidzo yevana, zera, utano nemipiro yakananga kana isina kunanga, kusanganisira basa remumba nokutarisira. Kuparadzwa kwecivil partnership kunotevera zvikamu 7 kusvika 11 nenzira yakafanana yepamutemo. Pasi peMaintenance Act neChildren's Act, Children's Court inogona kupa contribution order; Maintenance Court inogona kurayira kubhadhara nguva nenguva uye kuronga kutevedzwa kuburikidza nokubviswa pamuhoro wemushandirwi. Tsvakurudzo iripo haisimbisi mari yazvino yokunyoresa nyaya kana nguva yokugadzirisa. Mushure morufu, Deceased Persons Family Maintenance Act inogona kudzivirira vanovimba nomushakabvu vasina rutsigiro rwakakwana. Vanogona kusanganisira mukwanyina asara kana akarambwa ane kodzero yokuwana mari yokuchengetwa, mwana mudiki, mwana mukuru akaremara, mubereki kana mumwe munhu aichengetwa nemushakabvu. Chikumbiro chinogona kuitwa kunaMaster kana Provincial Magistrate. Nguva yakajairika ndeyemwedzi mitatu kubva pakubudiswa kwemagwaro okutarisira pfuma, kana kubva parufu kana basa romuiti wewiri rakabviswa. High Court kana regional court inogona kunzwa nyaya yacho. Maitiro aya ndeemari yokuchengeta mhuri; mitemo yenhaka inokosha chete painokanganisa kutarisirwa kana kuvimba nemufi. Mabasa epamutemo anoshanda pamwe chete nokuitwa kwemabasa mumatunhu, tsika nokurongeka kwemhuri yakakura. Matare, mahofisi okunyoresa nemitemo zvinopa nzira dzepamutemo. National Case Management System, makomiti enharaunda nokusarudzwa kwerubatsiro rwechikoro zvinopa rutsigiro rwekutonga rusina kufanana nedare. Kinship care, michato yetsika nerutsigiro rwemhuri yakakura inzira dzisina kurongwa kana kuti dzemunharaunda. Kusiyana kwekuwana mabasa pakati pemaguta nemaruwa kunonyanya kuoneka pakunyoresa michato, kuberekwa, vana vanogara kure nevabereki vavo vokubereka uye kuwana dziviriro pamhirizhonga yemumba. Tsvakurudzo iripo haisimbisi mutemo wemhuri wakasiyana neguta kana purovhinzi, saka kugona kwemabasa, mari, mari yerubatsiro nenguva yokugadzirisa zvazvino zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuhofisi yedunhu kana yepurovhinzi ine basa racho.