Kuisa mari muZimbabwe

Zimbabwe ine nzira dzokuisa mari muzvibatiso zvinodzorwa nedzimwe dzisina kurongeka zvakanyanya. Nzira yemusika wemari inodzorwa inosanganisira masheya, exchange-traded funds, real estate investment trusts, Treasury bills, zvikwereti nezvisungo zvehurumende, corporate bonds, debentures nenotes. SECZ inopa marezenisi kumari dzakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nematrust euniti, zvinounganidza mari yevanhu uye zvinotarisirwa pasi pehurongwa hwakatenderwa. Zvigadzirwa zvepenjeni, provident fund neinishuwarenzi zvinogona kutsigira zvinangwa zvokurega basa kana kudzivirirwa. Mari yedhijitari inotsigirwa nendarama yakatangwa pasi pezvirongwa zveReserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) muna 2023, asi mashoko aripo haasimbisi kuti ichiri kuwanikwa uye hazvifaniri kufungidzirwa kuti iripo. Kuisa mari muzvivako, migove yebhizimisi rakazvimirira, kurima, kuchera zvicherwa, kupa mari kumapurojekiti, kubatana kwehurumende nevanhu vakazvimirira nemapurojekiti eSpecial Economic Zone kunotevera mitemo nemaitiro anosiyana nokuisa mari muzvibatiso zvenguva dzose. Zimbabwe Stock Exchange ndiyo yagara iri musika mukuru wezvibatiso. VFEX inopa imwe nzira yomusika ine hukama neUSD zvakanyanya, uye mimwe misika yakanyoreswa ingawanikawo zvichienderana nechigadzirwa nerezinesi. Vanhuwo zvavo havaisi mirairo yokutengeserana zvakananga pamisika yacho. Vanowanzoshandisa mutengesi ane rezinesi reSECZ, kupedza kuongororwa kwekuzivikanwa kwemutengi nekudzivirira kushambidzwa kwemari, kuratidza chitupa kana pasipoti nouchapupu hwokugara, uye kutsanangura kwakabva mari yacho. Mutengesi kana bhanga rinowanzo shandisa Foreign Currency Account kana imwe nzira yokubhadhara yakatenderwa; zvinyorwa zvinodiwa zvecentral securities depository zvinofanira kuvapo kutengeserana kusati kwaitwa. ZSE Direct inopa nzira yepamhepo kuvashandisi vanokodzera. Kutengeserana kweZSE kunowanzoitwa Muvhuro kusvika Chishanu, kunze kwemazororo eruzhinji. Nguva yakabudiswa yokugadzirira kutengeserana ndeye09:00 kusvika 09:30, kutengeserana chaiko 09:30 kusvika 13:00, uye nguva yapashure pokuvhara 13:00 kusvika 14:30. ZSE inoshandisa kubhadhara mari pachine nguva uye kupanana mari nechibatiso pamwe chete paT+2 inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti kugadzirisa kunowanzopedzwa pashure pemazuva maviri okutengeserana kubva pakuitwa, zvichienderana nemitemo inoshanda. VFEX inobudisa maawa mamwe chete. VFEX Direct inoshandisa mari yeFCA, ine mari shoma yakataurwa yeUSD 10 uye inoshandisawo kugadzirisa kweT+2. Murairo unoitwa chete kana paine mutengi anotenga kana mutengesi anopa mutengo unoenderana, saka mutengo unoonekwa unogona kusawanikwa pahuwandu hunodiwa. Kana mirairo yokutenga nokutengesa iri mishoma, kusiyana kukuru kwemitengo uye kumiswa kwekutengeserana zvinogona kuita kuti chinhu chifungidzirwe kutengeseka chive chakaoma kubuda nacho. Zvinangwa zvokuisa mari zvinosiyana. Masheya kana mari dzakabatanidzwa zvinogona kupa mugove wemari uye kukura kwemari yawaisa. Zvikwereti zvehurumende kana zvemakambani zvinogona kupa mubereko asi zvine njodzi yomukwereti, nguva yokubhadhara uye kudzoserwa kwemari. Zvivako zvinogona kuburitsa rendi kana kukwira kwekukosha, asi zvinodawo kuongorora muridzi, kugadzirisa, kutarisira nokuronga kutengesa. Mabhizimisi akazvimirira, kurima, kuchera zvicherwa nemapurojekiti zvinogona kupa mukana wokutora chikamu zvakananga kana kukura kwakanyanya, asi zvinotsamira pamarezinesi, mashandiro, zvibvumirano, utongi uye hurongwa chaihwo hwokubuda. Zvigadzirwa zvokurega basa zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza mari kwenguva refu uye zvinogona kuva nemiganhu yokutora kana kuendesa mari. Kusiyanisa mari kunogona kuderedza kutsamira pamari imwe chete asi hakubvisi njodzi yokuchinja kwemutengo, kushandurwa kwemari kana mitemo. Nzira yenguva refu inowanzobatanidza zvibatiso kana marudzi akasiyana ezvinhu pane kutsamira kukambani imwe, chikamu chimwe kana mari imwe chete. Portfolio inogona kushandisa zvibatiso zvinotengeseka zviri pamusika, zvikwereti zvehurumende, penjeni kana inishuwarenzi sezvikamu zvikuru, ichichengeta mapurojekiti, mabhizimisi akazvimirira, zvivako kana zvimwe zvinhu zvomuupenyu pahuwandu hunoenderana nokukwanisa kwemuridzi kutsungirira kunonoka nokurasikirwa. Mari inochengeterwa kushandiswa nokukurumidza inobatsira kubhadhara zvinodiwa pasina kumanikidzwa kutengesa mumusika wakaderera. Hapana chiyero chemusika womunzvimbo kana mari yakavimbiswa inogona kutorwa mumashoko aripo. Kuedza kufungidzira nguva yokutenga nokutengesa kwakaomawo kana kutengeseka kwemari kwakaderera; saka nguva yaunoronga kubata mari nehurongwa hwokubuda zvakakosha semutengo wokutenga. Kusarudza kunoda zvinopfuura zita rekambani kana mutengo wakataurwa. Ongorora mishumo yevanopa mari, prospectus pazvinenge zvakakodzera, mafambiro emari, nhoroondo yemigove kana mubereko, kukosha, kudzama kwemirairo yokutenga nokutengesa, kusiyana kwemutengo, mari inoshandiswa, mitero nemari dzebasa. Simbisa kuti mutengesi, maneja wemari yakabatanidzwa, muchengeti wemari nemusika vane mvumo yakakodzera yebasa ravanopa. Pachinhu chakazvimirira, ongorora muridzi kana gwaro rezita, rezinesi rakakodzera, muridzi chaiye, maakaundi akaongororwa, mvumo yezvakatipoteredza nezvemagariro, zvibvumirano uye nzira yepamutemo yokutengesa kana kuendesa mari yacho. Zvichemo zvenyika zvisina kurongeka, zvirongwa zvakazvimirira nemashambadziro asina kudzorwa kazhinji hazvina dziviriro yeSECZ kana Investor Protection Fund uye zvine njodzi huru yokubiridzirwa, kusava nechokwadi kwemuridzi nokusakwanisa kutengesa. Zvibatiso zvinonyorwa kuburikidza necentral securities depository kana muchengeti akakodzera. Masangano anochengeta zvibatiso akanyorwa neSECZ anosanganisira CABS Custodial Services, CBZ Bank, FBC Bank, Stanbic Bank Zimbabwe, First Capital Bank neZB Bank. Zvichienderana neurongwa, pfuma inogona kuva muakaundi yetrust inodzorwa nemutengesi kana kumuchengeti akazvimirira. Investor Protection Fund (IPF) inobata kurasikirwa kwakatsanangurwa kunokonzerwa nokutadza kwemari kana kusatevedzera kwemupiro ane rezinesi. Haifukidzi kurasikirwa kwemusika, kusashanda zvakanaka kana kuderera kwemitengo kwakajairika. Mari yepamusoro inobhadharwa panguva imwe chete inogumira pa10% yezvinhu zviri muFund, uye zvikumbiro zvinowanzofanira kuitwa mukati memwedzi 12. Mari dzokutengeserana dzinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya purofiti yenguva pfupi. ZSE Investment Guide 2024 inopa mari inofungidzirwa yezvikamu, exchange-traded funds nerealtime estate investment trusts ye1.693% pakutenga, 5.443% pakutengesa mukati memazuva 180 uye 2.943% pakutengesa pashure pemazuva anenge 180 pasi pemaitiro enguva yokubata ataurwa. Mari dzakabatanidzwa dzokutenga nokutengesa dzinotaurwa se7.136% uye 4.636%. Zvibatiso zvechikwereti zvine mari yakataurwa yokutenga nokutengesa ye0.10975% parutivi rumwe norumwe. Nhamba idzi mienzaniso yokutarisa, kwete kutsiva mutengo wazvino. Mari yomutengesi, chipangamazano, maneja wemari, kuchengetwa, account, chivako, purojekiti nekuendesa muridzi inogona kuwedzerwa. Mashoko eZimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) anoratidza mutero we25% pamari yomunhu inobva pakutengeserana kana kuisa mari, 25% pamari yemakambani nematrust, 15% pamari inowanikwa nepenjeni uye 20% pamigove inobva kumakambani enyika dzimwe. Mutero wekukwira kwekukosha kwemari unowanzotaurwa se20% pazvinhu zvakawanikwa pashure pa22 February 2019, uku nhamba dzomutero dzinobviswa pazvibatiso zvakanyorwa mugwaro reZSE dziri mashoko ekare. Ongorora mutemo wemari wazvino nehurongwa hweZIMRA usati waita kutengeserana nokuti mhedzisiro inoenderana nechigadzirwa, muteresi, nguva yokubata, rudzi rwemari nemutemo wazvino. Zvivako nezvibatiso zvinotengeswa zviri pakati pezvinhu zvakatsanangurwa mumashoko aya. Kutengesa chivako kunoda gwaro rezita kana cession, uchapupu hwokubhadhara uye gwaro reZIMRA rokubvumidza mutero wokukwira kwemari. Hurongwa hwemari yokunze hweRBZ hunoziva mari yeZimbabwe Gold, inowanzonzi ZiG, pamwe nedhora reUnited States nedzimwe mari dzokunze senzira dzepamutemo dzokubhadhara kusvika musi wa31 December 2030; kuderedza kushandiswa kwemadhora kune imwe mari kwakarongwa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika musi wa1 January 2031. Kutengeserana nemari yokunze kunongobvumirwa kuvashambadziri vane mvumo nemahofisi ane mvumo. Foreign Currency Accounts dzavanhu, makambani omunzvimbo kana okumwe kunze dzichiri pasi pemitemo yokuziva mutengi nekudzivirira kushambidzwa kwemari. Panogona kudikanwa kunyora chikamu chakabva mari yokuisa mari. Kudzikira kweZiG, kukwira kwemitengo, kuchinja kwemari, miganhu yokuchinjana, mitemo yokudzosera mari kunyika uye kuchinja kwemitemo zvinogona kukanganisa mari yomunzvimbo kana yokunze yawaisa. Kuisa mari zvakananga kwakasiyana nokuisa mari yezvibatiso kubva kune imwe nyika. Zvinowanzoitwa nemari yezvibatiso kutenga zvibatiso pasina kushandisa bhizimisi riri pasi pazvo. Kuisa mari zvakananga kunosanganisira purojekiti, kambani kana basa riri kushanda uye kungada maitiro eZIDA, mvumo yechikamu kana maitiro eSpecial Economic Zone. Pasi pehurongwa hweZIDA, rezinesi guru rokuisa mari rinogona kutsigira dziviriro, mabasa, zvinokurudzira kana kupinda muSpecial Economic Zone. Pachikumbiro chakakwana, nguva inotarisirwa yokuita chisarudzo mazuva manomwe; rezinesi rinoshanda kwemakore maviri, kuita purojekiti kunotarisirwa mukati memwedzi 12, kuvandudza kunofanira kukumbirwa mwedzi mitatu risati rapera, uye rezinesi idzva rinotarisirwa mukati memazuva 30 ebasa. Rondedzero yemari yakataurwa inonyora USD 500 yechikumbiro chokune imwe nyika uye USD 4,500 yokubudiswa, kana mari yomunzvimbo yakaenzana nechiyero cheinterbank. Vanoisa mari vane marezenisi vanofanira kutumira mishumo yegore negore, kutevera mutemo womunyika, kuchengetedza nharaunda, kuchengeta maakaundi nezvinyorwa zvakazvimirira, kutevedzera mitemo inoshanda uye kudzivirira nhaka yomunzvimbo. Mapurojekiti emigodhi, zvivako neakazvimirira anoda kuongororwa kwakanangana nechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Ministry of Mines inodoma goridhe, platinum-group metals, chrome, marasha, lithium nemadhaimani pakati pezvicherwa zvikuru zveZimbabwe, asi kuisa mari mumugodhi kunoda zita remuridzi, mvumo, kuongorora muridzi uye kuongorora nharaunda. Kuendesa mazita emigodhi kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakasiyana pamutero wokukwira kwemari. Kuisa mari muchivako kunoenderana negwaro rezita kana cession riri pamutemo, uchapupu hwokubhadhara, clearance yemutero uye nzira inoshanda yokurenda kana kutengesazve. Kurima, zvivako zvenyika nemamwe mapurojekiti zvinotsamira pazvibvumirano, marezenisi, mari, kuitwa kwepurojekiti nevamwe vanobatanidzwa. Zita rebhizimisi, account yebhanga, chikumbiro chenyika kana chiziviso chepaindaneti hazviratidzi pachazvo muridzi, mvumo yehurumende kana kuchengetedzeka kwemari. Njodzi huru dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemari nokukwira kwemitengo, kuchinja kwemitemo kana mutero, kusakwanisa kutengesa, kusiyana kukuru kwemitengo, kumiswa kana kubviswa pamusika, kutadza kwemukwereti, kukundikana kweumwe mubatsiri, zvinetso zvokuchengeta mari nekugadzirisa kutengeserana, utongi husina kunaka, kubiridzirwa, kuisa mari yakawandisa pachinhu chimwe, gakava regwaro rechivako, zvinetso zverezinesi remugodhi, kukanganisa nharaunda, kunonoka kwepurojekiti uye kunetseka kudzosa mari kubva kune imwe nyika. Mabasa ebhanga akakosha chete senzira yokuwana nokubhadhara mari pano; kukwereta chikamu chechikwereti, kwete kuisa mari. Mari dzebasa nemitero zviri pachisarudzo chokuisa mari, asi mari dzemhuri dzose hadzisi. Chengeta zvinyorwa zvokutengeserana, kuchengetwa kwemari, mitero nemarezinesi uye shandisa nzira dzeSECZ, ZSE, RBZ, ZIMRA, ZIDA kana masangano echikamu pakubvunza kana kusimbisa kana mupi, chigadzirwa kana purojekiti isina kujeka.