Ubudlelwano bokuqashwa bungavela esivumelwaneni esicacile noma esicatshangelwayo senkonzo, sokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi noma sokuqeqeshwa. Izivumelwano zomlomo zingasebenza, kodwa umqashi kufanele anikeze imininingwane ebhaliwe lapho eqasha umsebenzi. Le mininingwane kufanele isho izinhlangothi, usuku lokuqala, iholo nendlela elibalwa ngayo, isikhathi sokukhokha, amahora avamile, imisebenzi, isikhathi sokuhlolwa, ikhefu, amaholide omphakathi, amalungiselelo okugula, ukuvikelwa kokubeletha, izikhathi zesaziso, amalungiselelo empesheni, ulwazi lwenyunyana nenqubo yesikhalazo. Imininingwane ebhaliwe ayisho ngempela ukuthi iyisivumelwano esiphelele sokuqashwa. UMthetho Wokuqashwa ka-1980, njengoba uchitshiyelwe, uhlanganisa amalungelo nezibopho eziyinhloko zokuqashwa. UMthetho Wobudlelwano Bezimboni ka-2000, kuhlanganise nezichibiyelo zango-2014, ulawula izinyunyana, ukuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela nezingxabano zabasebenzi. UMthetho Wamaholo ka-1964 usekela ukulawulwa kwamaholo ngokwemikhakha ngamaBhodi Amaholi nemiyalo yokulawula amaholo. UMthetho Wesinxephezelo Sabasebenzi ka-1983 uhlanganisa ukulimala emsebenzini nezifo ezibangelwa umsebenzi. UMthetho Wezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini ka-2001 unikeza abahloli basemsebenzini amandla okudinga ukuthuthukiswa, ukunqabela imisebenzi eyingozi nokushushisa ukwephulwa komthetho. UMthethosivivinywa Wokuqashwa ka-2024 usalokhu uyisiphakamiso sezinguquko; ngokombiko wokusebenza ka-2024/25 woMnyango Wezabasebenzi Nokuvikeleka Komphakathi, wawusafakwe ezinhlelweni zesikhathi esizayo futhi wawungakawuthathi indawo uMthetho Wokuqashwa ka-1980. ISwatini ayinawo umkhawulo owodwa ofanayo kazwelonke wamahora okusebenza ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuqashwa oyinhloko. Imiyalo yemikhakha ingabeka amahora avamile nemithetho yesikhathi esengeziwe ehlukene. Izibonelo zango-2024 zihlanganisa amahora angu-45 ezinsukwini eziyisithupha emsebenzini wezandla, amahora angu-60 ezinsukwini ezinhlanu zamahora angu-12 emsebenzini wezokuphepha, namahora angu-54 ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kwezolimo, kanti eminye imisebenzi yezolimo ingafinyelela emahoreni angu-60. Abasebenzi basemakhaya ngokuvamile banomkhawulo obekwe ngumthetho wamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku namahora angu-48 ezinsukwini eziyisithupha, kanye nosuku olulodwa lokuphumula ngesonto. Isikhathi esengeziwe sivame ukukhokhwa okungenani izikhathi ezingu-1.5 zenani elivamile, kanti umsebenzi wangeSonto nowamaholide omphakathi uvame ukukhokhwa ngokuphindwe kabili; kufanele kubhekwe umyalelo womkhakha osebenzayo. ISwatini ayinalo iholo elilodwa eliphansi likazwelonke elihlanganisa yonke imisebenzi. AmaBhodi Amaholi abeka amanani aphansi ngemiyalo yemikhakha, amanani ancike emkhakheni, emsebenzini nasesigabeni. Isabelomali sango-2025 sakhuluma ngemikhakha engu-18 elawulwayo, kanti izaziso zikahulumeni zango-2024 zazinemiyalo yemikhakha engu-11, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yezandla, ezolimo, ubunjiniyela bezimoto, izimayini nokumba, abasingathi bemingcwabo, ababolekisi bemali abancane, izikole, izikole zasenkulisa nezindawo zokunakekela izingane emini, ezokuphepha, ukuhweba ngezitolo nangesamba nabasebenzi basemakhaya. Iholo lenkontileka eliphakeme ngokuvamile lisavikelekile. Abaqashi kufanele bakhokhe ngemali eyamukelwa ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle uma umsebenzi evuma inkokhelo ngesheke, nge-oda yeposi noma nge-oda lemali. Izikhathi zokukhokha zingaba nsuku zonke, maviki onke, njalo emasontweni amabili noma nyanga zonke, kodwa azikwazi ukudlula inyanga eyodwa. Abaqashi kufanele banikeze iziliphu zomholo futhi bagcine amarejista omholo, okuqashwa nawamakhefu. Imali yesevisi kufanele yabelwe abasebenzi, kanti imidonselo engekho emthethweni noma ukukhokha ngaphansi kwesilinganiso kungaholela ezijezisweni. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12 zenkonzo, umsebenzi ngokuvamile uthola okungenani ikhefu lonyaka elikhokhelwayo lamasonto amabili ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuqashwa, nakuba umyalelo womkhakha ungase unikeze okungaphezulu, njengezinsuku ezingu-22 noma inyanga eyodwa kweminye imiyalo yango-2024. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, ikhefu lokugula ngokuvamile lihlanganisa izinsuku ezingu-14 ezikhokhelwa ngokugcwele nezinye ezingu-14 ezikhokhelwa ngesigamu sonyaka ngamunye, kudingeka isitifiketi sezempilo. Ikhefu lokubeletha lithatha okungenani amasonto angu-12, kuhlanganise okungenani amasonto amabili akhokhelwa ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwesigaba 102. Umsebenzi oncelisayo ngokuvamile unelungelo okungenani lehora elilodwa lokuncelisa ngosuku izinyanga ezintathu. Ucwaningo lukazwelonke olukhona aluzange luthole ikhefu lobaba elivamile elibekwe ngumthetho. UMthethosisekelo uyawabona amalungelo abasebenzi. Umthetho wezokuqashwa uvikela ekubandlululweni, ekuphindiselweni nasekuxoshweni ngokungafanele. Ukuqashwa kwezingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-15 emsebenzini wezimboni ngokuvamile akuvumelekile, ngaphandle kwezimo ezincane ezihlukile. Ingane ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphezu kwamahora ayisithupha ngosuku noma angu-33 ngesonto, futhi ayikwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi sesikole noma ebusuku. Umsebenzi wasebusuku ngokuvamile awuvumelekile kubantu abasebasha. Abaqashi nabaphethe izindawo banemisebenzi ngaphansi koMthetho Wezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini. Le misebenzi ingahlanganisa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha emsebenzini, amakomidi okuphepha, ukubika izingozi nezifo ezibangelwa umsebenzi, namalungiselelo afanele osizo lokuqala. Abahloli bangakhipha Izaziso Zokuthuthukisa noma Zokunqabela. Umuntu othintwe yisaziso ngokuvamile unezinsuku ezingu-28 zokudlulisa isikhalazo. Uhlelo Lwesinxephezelo Sabasebenzi lubeka isibopho sokulimala emsebenzini nezifo ezibangelwa umsebenzi kumqashi. Abaqashi ngokuvamile kufanele babe nomshwalense ngaphandle uma benguhulumeni. Ingozi kufanele ibikwe ngokushesha, isicelo sivamise ukufakwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, kanti umkhawulo wokugcina uyiminyaka emithathu. Umqashi ngokuvamile unezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokuthumela umbiko wakhe. Izinyunyana, izinhlangano zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zabaqashi, imifelandawonye, amaKomidi Abasebenzi, amaKhomishana Ahlangene Ezimboni nezivumelwano zokuhlanganyela kwakha uhlelo lokumelwa. Ukuqashelwa kwenyunyana ngokuvamile kuyadingeka uma okungenani u-50% wabasebenzi abangajoyina inyunyana futhi abakhokha ngokugcwele besekela inyunyana; ngaphansi kwalelo zinga, ukuqashelwa ngokuvamile kushiyelwa kumqashi. Ukuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela, iziteleka nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokusebenza kufanele kulandele izinqubo zoMthetho Wobudlelwano Bezimboni. Iziteleka nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokusebenza akuvunyelwe ezinsizakalweni ezibalulekile ezifana namanzi, ugesi, izicishamlilo, ezempilo, ukuthuthwa kwendle, ezokuxhumana, ukusakaza nezinsizakalo zikahulumeni womphakathi. Ingxabano yasemsebenzini ngokuvamile kufanele iqale ngenqubo yangaphakathi yesikhalazo noma yokuqondisa izigwegwe yomqashi. Umbiko wengxabano ungabe usudluliselwa eKhomishaneni Yokubuyisana, Ukulamula Nokwahlulela, eyaziwa nge-CMAC, ngefomu elimisiwe. Isiqondiso samanje se-CMAC sikhuluma ngesikhathi sezinyanga ezingu-18 sokudlulisela. I-CMAC ingasebenzisa ukuxoxisana kwangaphambi kokubuyisana, ukubuyisana, ukulamula noma ukwahlulela. Uma ingxabano ingaxazululeki, i-CMAC ingakhipha Isitifiketi Sengxabano Engaxazululekanga, esivumela udaba ukuthi ludlulele eNkantolo Yezimboni. Umklomelo wokwahlulela ungaphoqelelwa njenge-oda leNkantolo Yezimboni. INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yezimboni ngokuvamile ilalela izindaba zomthetho, kanti izikhalazo zivame ukufakwa zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu. I-CMAC ivame ukuvezwa njengenqubo efinyeleleka kalula futhi eshibhile, kanti izimali zokufaka eNkantolo Yezimboni zibekwa yimithethonqubo. Isikhathi sokuhlolwa singafika ezinyangeni ezintathu. Isikhathi eside noma esikhethekile sokuhlolwa somsebenzi wokuqondisa, wobuchwepheshe noma oyimfihlo kufanele sibhalwe. Izikhathi zesaziso zincike ebudeni benkonzo nasenkathini yokukhokha. Uma umqashi enqamula umsebenzi, izikhathi ezivamile ziyisonto elilodwa uma inkonzo ingaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu, izinsuku ezimbili ngenyanga ngayinye ephelele phakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu nezingu-12, nenyanga eyodwa kanye nezinsuku ezine ngonyaka ngamunye ophelele ngemva konyaka wokuqala uma inkonzo idlula izinyanga ezingu-12. Abakhokhelwa nyanga zonke ngokuvamile bathola isaziso okungenani senyanga eyodwa, kanti abakhokhelwa njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili bathola okungenani amasonto amabili. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, umsebenzi ngokuvamile unikeza isaziso okungenani sesonto elilodwa. Inkokhelo esikhundleni sesaziso ingavunyelwa. Ngesikhathi sesaziso esivela kumqashi, umsebenzi ngokuvamile uthola amahora angu-12 ngesonto okufuna omunye umsebenzi. Ukuxoshwa ngokushesha kudinga isizathu esizwakalayo. Ukuxoshwa kungaba ngokungafanele uma kuhlobene nomsebenzi wenyunyana, ukumelwa kwabasebenzi, isikhalazo esenziwe ngokwethembeka, izici ezivikelekile, ukungakwazi ukusebenza okuhlobene nomsebenzi, noma ukugula noma ingozi phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha. Izizathu ezifanele zingahlanganisa ukungaziphathi kahle ngemva kwesixwayiso, udlame, ukungathembeki, umonakalo, ukwephula ukuphepha, ukungabikho izinsuku zokusebenza ezingaphezu kwezintathu ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ngaphandle kwemvume noma isitifiketi, ukuncishiswa kwabasebenzi noma ukufinyelela eminyakeni evamile yokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Umqashi unomthwalo wokufakazela isizathu esisemthethweni nokuba nesizathu esizwakalayo. Imali yokuyeka umsebenzi ngokuvamile ingamaholo ezinsuku zokusebenza eziyishumi ngonyaka ophelele ongaphezu konyaka owodwa, kuncike kokuhlukile okubekwe ngumthetho ngezizathu ezithile zokuxoshwa okufanele. Ukuncishiswa kwabasebenzi abahlanu noma ngaphezulu kudinga isaziso esingaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa kuKhomishana Wezabasebenzi nakunhlangano eshiwo esivumelwaneni sokuhlanganyela lapho kufanele. Isaziso kufanele sifake inani labasebenzi abathintekayo, imisebenzi namaholo abo, izizathu, usuku oluhlongozwayo, izitatimende zezimali nezindlela ezicatshangelwe zokugwema ukuncishiswa. Umsebenzi angacela isitifiketi sokuqashwa. Uma ukunqanyulwa okuqalwe ngumqashi kulandela ukuthuthela kwenye indawo, umqashi ngokuvamile ukhokha izindleko zokubuyiselwa ekhaya. INkantolo Yezimboni kufanele icabangele ukubuyiselwa emsebenzini noma ukuqashwa kabusha njengamakhambi okuqala emacaleni okuxoshwa ngokungafanele. Isinxephezelo singafika emholweni wezinyanga ezingu-12, noma sifike ezinyangeni ezingu-24 ekuxoshweni okungafanele okuzenzakalelayo. Amanye amakhambi angahlanganisa inkokhelo yesaziso, imali yekhefu, imali yokuyeka umsebenzi nezinzuzo ezibekwe ngumthetho. UMnyango Wezabasebenzi, uKhomishana Wezabasebenzi, Abahloli Abakhulu Bezabasebenzi, Abahloli Bezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini noPhiko Lwesinxephezelo Sabasebenzi basekela ukuphoqelelwa. Izinkinga zokuhambisana nomthetho ezivezwe uMnyango zihlanganisa ukungabi nemininingwane ebhaliwe yokuqashwa, ukukhokha ngaphansi kwesilinganiso, ukungabi neziliphu namarejista, ukungakhokhwa kwemali yokuyeka umsebenzi noma kwezinye izinzuzo zokugcina, ukungabi namathuluzi afanele osizo lokuqala namashadi amaholo angekho. Umsebenzi wasemakhaya nowezolimo unemithetho eqondene nemikhakha, kanti umsebenzi ongahlelekile unokuvikelwa okusemthethweni okungalingani nezikhala ezinkulu ekuphoqeleleni.
Umthetho wezabasebenzi eSwatini
Umthetho wezabasebenzi eSwatini ulawula umsebenzi oqashwe, kuhlanganise izinkontileka zokuqashwa, amahora okusebenza, amaholo, ikhefu, ukuphepha emsebenzini, ukumelwa ngokuhlanganyela, izingxabano nokunqanyulwa. Imithetho eyinhloko ivela eMthethweni Wokuqashwa ka-1980, eMthethweni Wobudlelwano Bezimboni ka-2000, eMthethweni Wamaholo ka-1964, eMthethweni Wezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini ka-2001 nasemiyalweni yamaholo ehlobene nemikhakha. Imininingwane ingahluka emsebenzini wasemakhaya, kwezolimo, emsebenzini wesikhashana nakweminye imikhakha.
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