Nepal's 2021 census recorded 23,677,744 Hindus, 2,393,549 Buddhists, 1,483,066 Muslims, 924,204 Kirat followers, 512,313 Christians and 102,048 Prakriti followers. These figures represent census categories and do not fully describe personal practice, regional variation or possible multiple religious identities. Hindu practice has very high national relevance, while Buddhist and Islamic institutions are also widely established; Kirat, Christian, Prakriti and smaller communities have particular regional or local importance. Religious access usually begins with a local community or place of worship. Temples, monasteries, gumbas, mosques, churches and community organizations provide worship, teaching, ceremonies and support. A Guthi is a trust-like institution that can manage religious property, temples, monasteries, festivals and पूजा-related functions. Guthi Sansthan and the Department of Archaeology have roles concerning Guthi property, religious sites and cultural heritage. The Ministry of Home Affairs handles national holiday arrangements and related administration, while District Administration Offices can support local religious-harmony structures. Local Ward Offices handle civil registration for events such as birth, marriage and death. Article 4 of the Constitution defines Nepal as a secular state. Article 26 protects every person's freedom to hold, practice and protect a religion according to personal conviction, subject to public health, decency, morality, public peace and the protection of other religions. The state must treat people equally regardless of religion. Conversion and conduct that harms another religion are restricted. Chapter 9 of the Muluki Criminal Code provides penalties for damaging or defiling religious or sacred places, injuring religious feelings, deliberately obstructing another person's religious ritual, and conversion-related conduct. The stated maximum penalties range from a fine or up to one year of imprisonment for obstructing a ritual to up to five years of imprisonment and a NPR 50,000 fine for conversion, attempted conversion, incitement or conversion-related propaganda. Religious schools include Madrasa, Gumba, Vedavidyashram, Gurukul and Ashram institutions. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is responsible for policy, standards, procedures, support, monitoring, regulation and coordination. The School Education Sector Plan 2022/23–2026/27 includes grants for Ashram or Gurukul, Gumba and Madrasa schools at specified school levels. Formal school registration, recognition and curriculum requirements are separate from community-based religious instruction. Nepal's annual holiday list includes religious and ethno-religious occasions such as Maha Shivaratri, Ram Navami, Buddha Jayanti, Krishna Janmashtami, Ghatasthapana, Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Adha, Christmas, Tamu Lhosar, Sonam Lhosar, Gyalpo Lhosar, Ubhauli and Udhauli. The exact dates and official holiday status must be checked against the current Ministry of Home Affairs list. A public holiday does not mean that every community observes the occasion in the same way. The Nepal Hajj Committee provides a formal state-organized pathway for Nepali Muslims undertaking Hajj. The process includes annual applications, selection, orientation, passport and visa arrangements, travel, accommodation and health-related preparation. Umrah also falls within its area of work. Other pilgrimages are generally organized through local or community institutions. Ritual and community costs do not follow one nationwide tariff; Hajj costs are announced officially each year. Religious weddings, naming or admission rites, funerals and prayers follow the relevant community and ritual. A religious ceremony alone does not replace civil registration. Births, deaths, marriages, divorces and migration are registered through the Ward Office connected to the permanent residence or the event. For marriage registration, both spouses act as informants; registration within 35 days is free, while later registration incurs a late fee. Religious dialogue remains institutionally fragmented. District Administration Offices may establish local Religious Harmony Committees, and the National Inter-Religious Network Nepal has operated national, district and municipal interfaith structures since 2008. The Muslim Commission is a constitutional body focused on Muslim rights, culture and empowerment. Nationally uniform fees, membership figures and detailed ritual rules for all communities are not established; local practice should therefore be confirmed with the responsible community or institution.
Religion in Nepal
Religion in Nepal is socially and institutionally diverse, with Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Kirat, Christian and Prakriti communities. Nepal is a secular state that protects religious belief, practice and protection, while restricting conversion and conduct that harms religious harmony or public peace. Religious life is organized through local communities, temples, monasteries, gumbas, mosques, churches, guthis and registered organizations rather than one central religious authority.
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